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ANNEx: METhODOLOGICAL NOTES Gas Relative greenhouse potential 1) CO 2 Ch 4 98 Renewable Energy Sources in Figures 1 21 N 2 O 310 Gas Relative acidification potential SO 2 NO x Nh 3 1 0.696 1.88 The acidification potential of SO 2 , NO X , HF, HCl, H 2 S and NH 3 is determined in a similar way to global warming potential. It is expressed in the unit “SO 2 equivalent” and shows the quantity of SO 2 that has the same acidifying effect. In view of poor data availability, only the air pollutants SO 2 and NO X are taken into account when calculating the emissions avoided. 1) The calculations in this brochure use the IPCC figures from 1995 [56]. These are prescribed for greenhouse gas reporting under the Framework Convention on Climate Change and under the Kyoto Protocol in accordance with the UNFCCC Guidelines [34]. Global warming potential is based on a time horizon of 100 years, with CO as reference substance. 2 3. Calculating avoidance factors and avoided emissions for renewablesbased electricity generation The emissions avoided by using renewables are calculated on the basis of the quantities of electricity generated from renewables and on substitution and emission factors. Substitution factors indicate the fossil fuels that are replaced by the renewable source in question. Emission factors specify the quantity of greenhouse gases and air pollutants emitted per kWh of fossil or renewable electricity. They are made up of direct emissions during electricity generation and the emissions arising from the upstream chain. The upstream chain comprises the pollutant emissions arising from the production of the generating installations and from the production, refining and transport of the fossil and renewable energy sources. In the case of combined heat-and-power generation, allocation is in accordance with the “Finnish method” laid down in EU Directive 2004/8/EC. The substitution factors used are based on the “Report on CO 2 reduction in the electricity sector through the use of renewable energy sources in 2008 and 2009” (Gutachten zur CO 2 -Minderung im Stromsektor durch den Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien im Jahr 2008 und 2009 (Klobasa et al. [88]). An electricity market model was used to calculate the extent to which renewables replace conventional energy sources, given the existing portfolio of power plants. To date, renewables have not yet replaced the base load supplied by nuclear power plants, because the latter have lower variable costs than lignite power plants. Compared with previous years, the latest report (Klobasa et al. [88]) shows much lower replacement of electricity from lignite power plants. The reasons lie partly in a changed generation mix (less electricity generated from nuclear power), and partly in a revised method, which now takes account of imports and exports of electricity. As a result, the calculated greenhouse gas saving due to renewable energies in the years 2008 to 2010 is two to four million t CO 2 equivalent lower than a calculation based on the substitution factors used in earlier years.
The emission factors for fossil and renewable electricity production are taken from various databases or deduced from research projects. The direct emission factors for fossil power generation are calculated using an implicit method on the basis of the Federal Enviroment Agency (UBA) database for national emissions reporting (CSE) [92]. The fuel efficiency of the individual power plant types is also taken into account when calculating the implicit emission factor. The underlying data for this purpose are taken from the special table on gross power generation by energy sources [64] and the AGEB’s energy balance evaluation tables [2]. The emissions due to upstream chains for fossil fuels are taken from the GEMIS database at the Öko-Institut [90]. For the renewable energy emission factors, representative datasets were selected from various databases, and in some cases modified. Special mention must be made of the sources: Öko-Institut [90], Ecoinvent [84], UBA [92], Vogt et al. [89], Ciroth [83] and Frick et al. [86]. Detailed information on the calculation methods and data sources can be found in UBA [75]. Substitution factors for renewablesbased electricity 1) Nuclear energy 2) lignite Hard coal [%] Natural gas Mineral oils hydropower 0 6 63 31 0 Wind energy 0 6 64 30 0 Photovoltaics 0 5 65 31 0 Solid biomass 0 6 63 31 0 Liquid biomass 0 6 64 31 0 Biogas 0 6 64 31 0 Landfill gas 0 6 64 31 0 Sewage gas 0 6 64 31 0 Biog. fraction of waste 3) 0 6 63 31 0 Geothermal energy 0 6 63 31 0 1) This means, for example, that of the electricity replaced by 1 kWh hydropower, 6 % comes from lignite power plants, 63 % from coal-fired power plants and 31 % from gas-fired power plants. 2) Given the underlying model assumptions, renewable energies do not replace the base load supplied by nuclear power plants. 3) Biogenic share of waste is taken as 50 % Source: Klobasa et al. [88] ANNEx: METhODOLOGICAL NOTES Renewable Energy Sources in Figures 99
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Renewable Energy Sources in Figures
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ContEntS Foreword 5 pArt i: GErmAnY
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ForEWorD Dear Readers, The consiste
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WorKinG GroUp on rEnEWABLE EnErGiES
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Expansion of power grids In future
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Renewable energy share increases de
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Renewable energy shares of energy s
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Structure of renewables-based energ
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Development of electricity generati
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Shares of total renewables-based in
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Development of heat supply from ren
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Development of renewables-based fue
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In the case of electricity and heat
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Emission balance of renewables-base
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Emission balance for renewables-bas
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Emission balance for renewable-base
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The tables show details of the savi
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Trends in investments in renewable
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Initial and further training in the
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In retrospect, important assumption
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[tWh] electricity feed-in/eeg Struc
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ards of the Energy Saving Ordinance
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Assistance funding and resulting in
Page 47 and 48: Environmental damage from emission
Page 49 and 50: Some of the costs and benefits of r
Page 51 and 52: Promotion of research and developme
Page 53 and 54: potentIal capacItIes Long-term sust
Page 55 and 56: Structural challenges: Expansion of
Page 57 and 58: PART II: RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE
Page 59 and 60: The National Renewable Energy Actio
Page 61 and 62: Structure of total renewable energy
Page 63 and 64: Structure of final energy consumpti
Page 65 and 66: A competitive, sustainable and secu
Page 67 and 68: Development of the share of renewab
Page 69 and 70: Renewables-based electricity supply
Page 71 and 72: Wind energy use in the EU Installed
Page 73 and 74: At the end of 2010, total wind ener
Page 75 and 76: equivalent to an additional collect
Page 77 and 78: In 2009 Observ’ER [101] puts the
Page 79 and 80: Jobs in the renewable energies sect
Page 81 and 82: The examples of wind energy and pho
Page 83 and 84: Development of world population and
Page 85 and 86: Renewables-based energy production
Page 87 and 88: Renewables-based shares of energy d
Page 89 and 90: 2009 Rural areas Persons using trad
Page 91 and 92: In 2008, the renewables share of el
Page 93 and 94: Renewable Energy Policy Network for
Page 95 and 96: Clean Energy Ministerial - CEM - Th
Page 97: 1. Energy supply from photovoltaic
Page 101 and 102: 5. Calculating avoidance factors an
Page 103 and 104: The gross saving in fossil fuels is
Page 105 and 106: 8. Organisation for Economic Cooper
Page 107 and 108: Conversion factors Terawatt hour: 1
Page 109 and 110: List of Sources Communications from
Page 111 and 112: [38] Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- u
Page 113 and 114: [92] Umweltbundesamt (UBA): Zentral
Page 115 and 116: [135] Sensfuß, F.: Analysen zum Me
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