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eU: electricity Directive 66 Renewable Energy Sources in Figures Expansion of renewables-based electricity generation in the European internal electricity market In October 2001, Directive 2001/77/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market entered into force. The Community’s goal was to increase the share due to renewable sources to a total of 21 % of electricity generation in 2010. The European Commission’s progress report COM(2011) 31 of 31.1.2011 1) for the period 2006 – 2008, “Renewable energy: Progress towards the target for 2020”, provides information that the renewable energy sector has continued to grow steadily. As a result, the renewables share of final energy consumption was as high as 10.3 % (2006: 8.8 %) in 2008. Continuous growth was confirmed in the three sectors electricity, transport and heat/cold. However, since no Eurostat data for 2009 and 2010 were available at the time the report was prepared, it was not yet possible to determine whether the indicative targets set out in the Electricity Directive 2001/77/EC would be achieved. Having regard to the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAP), the European Commission estimates that the percentages for 2010 could be 19.4 % in the electricity sector, 5 % in the transport and 12.5 % in the heating sector. Thus it is probable that the EU will fall short of its target of a 21 % share of electricity consumption for renewables [117], [118]. In 2008 Hungary and Germany were the only EU states that had already achieved or exceeded their national indicative targets. In its NREAP for 2010, Germany expects a figure of 17.4 % and is thus well above the indicative target in the Electricity Directive (2010: 12.5 %). The national indicative targets are within reach for another 5 to 10 countries, but only Denmark, Ireland, Lithuania and Portugal have stated in their NREAPs that they intend to exceed them [118]. Today renewable energy sources are a key element of the EU’s energy strategy. The foundations for the EU’s renewable energy policy were laid in 1997 with the Community strategy set out in the white paper “Energy for the Future: Renewable Energy Sources”. This set out to increase the renewables share of gross domestic consumption to 12 % by 2010. Until 2008, however, the expansion of renewable energy was only embedded in a loose legal framework. The Electricity Directive 2001/77/EC and the Biofuels Directive 2003/30/EC merely specified nonbinding indicative guide values. By contrast, the new EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources created a strong and stable legal framework for the expansion of renewable energy in the EU (see also pages 57 – 61). 1) Under article 3 paragraph 4 of Directive 2001/77/ec, the commission is required to publish every two years a report assessing the Member States’ progress towards achieving their national indicative targets in the field of renewable energy sources.
Development of the share of renewable energies in gross electricity consumption in the EU Member States 1997 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 1) [%] [%] belgium 1.0 1.5 1.8 2.1 3.9 5.3 6.0 bulgaria 7.0 7.4 6.0 8.9 11.2 7.4 11.0 Denmark 8.9 16.7 19.9 27.1 25.9 28.7 29.0 germany 2) 4.3 6.5 8.1 9.5 12.0 15.4 12.5 estonia 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.4 2.0 5.1 Finland 25.3 28.5 23.7 28.3 24.0 31.0 31.5 France 15.2 15.1 13.7 12.9 12.5 14.4 21.0 greece 8.6 7.7 6.2 9.5 12.1 8.3 20.1 ireland 3.8 4.9 5.4 5.1 8.5 11.7 13.2 italy 16.0 16.0 14.3 15.9 14.5 16.6 25.0 latvia 46.7 47.7 39.3 47.1 37.7 41.2 49.3 lithuania 2.6 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.6 4.6 7.0 luxembourg 2.0 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.5 4.1 5.7 Malta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 netherlands 3.5 3.9 4.7 5.6 7.9 8.9 9.0 austria 67.5 72.4 66.0 58.7 56.5 62.0 78.1 poland 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.9 4.2 7.5 portugal 38.3 29.4 20.8 24.4 29.4 26.9 39.0 romania 30.5 28.8 30.8 29.9 31.4 28.4 33.0 Sweden 49.1 55.4 46.9 46.1 48.1 55.5 60.0 Slovakia 14.5 16.9 19.2 14.4 16.6 15.5 31.0 Slovenia 26.9 31.7 25.4 29.1 24.4 29.1 33.6 Spain 19.7 15.7 13.8 18.5 17.7 20.6 29.4 czech. republic 3.5 3.6 4.6 4.0 4.9 5.2 8.0 Hungary 0.8 0.7 0.7 2.3 3.7 5.6 3.6 United Kingdom 1.9 2.7 2.9 3.7 4.6 5.6 10.0 cyprus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 6.0 EU-27 13.1 13.8 13.0 13.9 14.6 16.7 21.0 this overview reflects the present state of available statistics (see source). these figures may differ from national statistics, partly because of different methods. 1) indicative targets according to eU Directive 2001/77/ec 2) with 17 % in 2010, germany has considerably exceeded the target for 2010 (12.5 %). Source: eurostat [98] eU: electricity Directive Renewable Energy Sources in Figures 67
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Renewable Energy Sources in Figures
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ContEntS Foreword 5 pArt i: GErmAnY
Page 5 and 6:
ForEWorD Dear Readers, The consiste
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WorKinG GroUp on rEnEWABLE EnErGiES
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Expansion of power grids In future
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Renewable energy share increases de
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Renewable energy shares of energy s
Page 15 and 16: Structure of renewables-based energ
Page 17 and 18: Development of electricity generati
Page 19 and 20: Shares of total renewables-based in
Page 21 and 22: Development of heat supply from ren
Page 23 and 24: Development of renewables-based fue
Page 25 and 26: In the case of electricity and heat
Page 27 and 28: Emission balance of renewables-base
Page 29 and 30: Emission balance for renewables-bas
Page 31 and 32: Emission balance for renewable-base
Page 33 and 34: The tables show details of the savi
Page 35 and 36: Trends in investments in renewable
Page 37 and 38: Initial and further training in the
Page 39 and 40: In retrospect, important assumption
Page 41 and 42: [tWh] electricity feed-in/eeg Struc
Page 43 and 44: ards of the Energy Saving Ordinance
Page 45 and 46: Assistance funding and resulting in
Page 47 and 48: Environmental damage from emission
Page 49 and 50: Some of the costs and benefits of r
Page 51 and 52: Promotion of research and developme
Page 53 and 54: potentIal capacItIes Long-term sust
Page 55 and 56: Structural challenges: Expansion of
Page 57 and 58: PART II: RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE
Page 59 and 60: The National Renewable Energy Actio
Page 61 and 62: Structure of total renewable energy
Page 63 and 64: Structure of final energy consumpti
Page 65: A competitive, sustainable and secu
Page 69 and 70: Renewables-based electricity supply
Page 71 and 72: Wind energy use in the EU Installed
Page 73 and 74: At the end of 2010, total wind ener
Page 75 and 76: equivalent to an additional collect
Page 77 and 78: In 2009 Observ’ER [101] puts the
Page 79 and 80: Jobs in the renewable energies sect
Page 81 and 82: The examples of wind energy and pho
Page 83 and 84: Development of world population and
Page 85 and 86: Renewables-based energy production
Page 87 and 88: Renewables-based shares of energy d
Page 89 and 90: 2009 Rural areas Persons using trad
Page 91 and 92: In 2008, the renewables share of el
Page 93 and 94: Renewable Energy Policy Network for
Page 95 and 96: Clean Energy Ministerial - CEM - Th
Page 97 and 98: 1. Energy supply from photovoltaic
Page 99 and 100: The emission factors for fossil and
Page 101 and 102: 5. Calculating avoidance factors an
Page 103 and 104: The gross saving in fossil fuels is
Page 105 and 106: 8. Organisation for Economic Cooper
Page 107 and 108: Conversion factors Terawatt hour: 1
Page 109 and 110: List of Sources Communications from
Page 111 and 112: [38] Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- u
Page 113 and 114: [92] Umweltbundesamt (UBA): Zentral
Page 115 and 116: [135] Sensfuß, F.: Analysen zum Me
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