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EU: PROMOTION OF RENEWABLES-BASED ELECTRICITY PT PT ES IE 80 Renewable Energy Sources in Figures Instruments for promoting renewable energy sources in the EU electricity market The new EU Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) is intended to increase the renewables-based share of total final energy consumption in the EU to 20 % by 2020 (see also pages 57 – 58). With an expected EU share of around 34 %, electricity from renewable sources will make a substantial contribution to this. UK FR NL BE LU Source: Klein et al. [114] MT DK DE IT SE PL LT FI EE LA CZ AT SI SK HU RO EL BG CY Feed-in regulation Quotas system Further promotion instruments Technology-specific application of quota and feed-in tariffs
The examples of wind energy and photovoltaic in particular show that the success of expansion in the electricity sector varies considerably between the individual EU states (see also page 66 “Expansion of electricity generation...”). This is due above all to the individual framework conditions in terms of energy policy. The feed-in system is currently used by over 20 EU Member States, either as their sole promotion instrument or in combination with other measures. On a European comparison this instrument, especially the German Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), has made a very successful contribution to the expansion of electricity from renewable sources. For example, feed-in systems were responsible for 86 % of the capacity installed in the EU up to the end of 2009 in the onshore wind energy sector and nearly 100 % of installed capacity in the photovoltaic sector. The Federal Environment Ministry supports a project which operates an Internet database on “Legal sources on renewable energy generation”, which offers free access under www.res-legal.de (“RES LEGAL”). Here it is possible to search for legal information about the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources in the 27 Member States of the EU, and also on grid access. Technology-specific regulations are also explicitly listed. The International Feed-In Cooperation (IFIC) At the International Conference for Renewable Energies, held in Bonn in 2004, Spain and Germany decided to exchange information on their experience with feed-in systems for renewables-based electricity and to intensify their cooperation (International Feed-In Cooperation). This cooperation was placed on a firm footing with the signing of a Joint Declaration in October 2005. In January 2007 Slovenia signed the Joint Declaration and joined the IFIC. The aims of the Cooperation are to promote the exchange of experience concerning feed-in systems, optimise such systems, support other countries in their endeavours to improve and develop feed-in systems, and contribute knowledge to international forums, in particular to the policy debate in the European Union. At a global level, at least 61 countries and a further 26 states/provinces/regions had introduced feed-in systems for renewables-based electricity by the beginning of 2011 [113]. Further information is available on the Internet from www.feed-in-cooperation.org. EU: PROMOTION OF RENEWABLES-BASED ELECTRICITY Renewable Energy Sources in Figures 81
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Renewable Energy Sources in Figures
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ContEntS Foreword 5 pArt i: GErmAnY
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ForEWorD Dear Readers, The consiste
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WorKinG GroUp on rEnEWABLE EnErGiES
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Expansion of power grids In future
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Renewable energy share increases de
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Renewable energy shares of energy s
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Structure of renewables-based energ
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Development of electricity generati
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Shares of total renewables-based in
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Development of heat supply from ren
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Development of renewables-based fue
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In the case of electricity and heat
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Emission balance of renewables-base
Page 29 and 30: Emission balance for renewables-bas
Page 31 and 32: Emission balance for renewable-base
Page 33 and 34: The tables show details of the savi
Page 35 and 36: Trends in investments in renewable
Page 37 and 38: Initial and further training in the
Page 39 and 40: In retrospect, important assumption
Page 41 and 42: [tWh] electricity feed-in/eeg Struc
Page 43 and 44: ards of the Energy Saving Ordinance
Page 45 and 46: Assistance funding and resulting in
Page 47 and 48: Environmental damage from emission
Page 49 and 50: Some of the costs and benefits of r
Page 51 and 52: Promotion of research and developme
Page 53 and 54: potentIal capacItIes Long-term sust
Page 55 and 56: Structural challenges: Expansion of
Page 57 and 58: PART II: RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE
Page 59 and 60: The National Renewable Energy Actio
Page 61 and 62: Structure of total renewable energy
Page 63 and 64: Structure of final energy consumpti
Page 65 and 66: A competitive, sustainable and secu
Page 67 and 68: Development of the share of renewab
Page 69 and 70: Renewables-based electricity supply
Page 71 and 72: Wind energy use in the EU Installed
Page 73 and 74: At the end of 2010, total wind ener
Page 75 and 76: equivalent to an additional collect
Page 77 and 78: In 2009 Observ’ER [101] puts the
Page 79: Jobs in the renewable energies sect
Page 83 and 84: Development of world population and
Page 85 and 86: Renewables-based energy production
Page 87 and 88: Renewables-based shares of energy d
Page 89 and 90: 2009 Rural areas Persons using trad
Page 91 and 92: In 2008, the renewables share of el
Page 93 and 94: Renewable Energy Policy Network for
Page 95 and 96: Clean Energy Ministerial - CEM - Th
Page 97 and 98: 1. Energy supply from photovoltaic
Page 99 and 100: The emission factors for fossil and
Page 101 and 102: 5. Calculating avoidance factors an
Page 103 and 104: The gross saving in fossil fuels is
Page 105 and 106: 8. Organisation for Economic Cooper
Page 107 and 108: Conversion factors Terawatt hour: 1
Page 109 and 110: List of Sources Communications from
Page 111 and 112: [38] Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- u
Page 113 and 114: [92] Umweltbundesamt (UBA): Zentral
Page 115 and 116: [135] Sensfuß, F.: Analysen zum Me
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