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EU: HEAT SUPPLY 74 Renewable Energy Sources in Figures Renewables-based heat supply in the EU Roughly half the total final energy supplied in the EU-27 is due to the heating sector. However, the renewables contribution in this segment was only around 10 %. Thus renewable energy sources are less important in the heating market than in the electricity market (see preceding pages). By far the biggest renewable resource in the heating sector is biomass, with a share of around 97 % or 646 TWh, the greatest part being due to wood in private households. The contribution by the other two segments, solar thermal and geothermal energy, is comparatively unimportant at 2 % and 1 % respectively. 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Final energy [TWh] Biomass, of which 419.4 477.4 532.8 528.5 533.5 565.3 576.6 586.7 602.7 634.8 645.5 Wood / wood waste 414.8 472.9 521.4 513.4 516.1 553.4 563.9 573.9 589.6 603.0 612.1 Biogas 4.0 3.8 4.8 7.1 8.6 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.5 11.5 12.9 Municipal waste 0.7 0.8 6.6 7.9 8.8 8.0 8.7 8.7 8.6 20.2 20.5 Solar thermal energy 1.8 3.2 4.8 5.5 6.0 6.4 7.1 7.9 9.0 10.9 12.6 Geothermal energy 4.8 5.2 5.3 6.5 6.9 6.9 6.8 7.3 7.7 8.1 8.6 Total renewablesbased heat 426.0 485.8 542.9 540.4 546.4 578.6 590.6 602.0 619.3 653.8 666.8 Source: After Eurostat [98] Development of the solar thermal market Sales on the EU solar thermal market declined in 2010 for the second year running. Observ’ER estimates that a total of around 2.6 GW th new solar collector capacity was installed, compared to around 2.9 GW th in 2009 and 3.2 GW th in 2008. New capacity in 2010 is
equivalent to an additional collector area of approximately 3.8 million m 2 (for comparison: which corresponds to a size of around 500 football fields). Total cumulative solar collector capacity in the EU at the end of 2010 was around 25.1 GW th (about 36 million m 2 ). There are however great differences between countries when it comes to the market penetration of solar thermal applications. As in the preceding years, Cyprus continues to lead the field with a capacity of around 611 kW th per 1,000 inhabitants. The EU average is only around 50 kW th per 1,000 inhabitants [109]. To date, the most important application for solar thermal energy is hot water. In recent years, however, increasing numbers of combined systems have been installed which not only produce hot water, but also boost central heating systems. For example, the number of combined systems installed in Germany during 2010 accounted for nearly 50 % of the additional installations, and in terms of capacity as much as two thirds. At the end of 2008 there were some 126 large installations (> 500 m 2 ; > 350 kW th ) operating in Europe with a total capacity of 166 MW th , mainly for supplying solar thermal district/local heating systems [110]. The biggest solar district heating plant worldwide is located at Marstal (Denmark). With a collector area of 18,365 m 2 and a thermal capacity of 12.9 MW th , the installation supplies one third of Marstal’s heat requirements. When completed, an installation in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for which the contract was awarded in April 2011, will have nearly double the collector area at 36,305 m 2 . Germany’s largest solar local heating plant is to be found in Crailsheim, with a capacity of 7 MW th and a collector area of 10,000 m 2 [106, 107, 110]. Worldwide, a solar collector capacity of around 172 GW th was operating at the end of 2009 (for 2010 the SHC [110] estimates the capacity at 196 GW th ). This installed capacity produced around 142 TWh th (510 PJ), thereby saving some 46 million tonnes of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. An estimated 270,000 people were employed in the solar thermal sector worldwide in 2009. Total installed solar collector capacity in the EU at end of 2010 Figures provisional Source: Observ’ER [109] 39 % 13 % EU-27 total: about 25,140 MW th 18 % 11 % 7 % 6 % 6 % Austria Greece France Italy Spain Rest of EU Germany Renewable Energy Sources in Figures EU: HEAT SUPPLY 75
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Renewable Energy Sources in Figures
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ContEntS Foreword 5 pArt i: GErmAnY
Page 5 and 6:
ForEWorD Dear Readers, The consiste
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WorKinG GroUp on rEnEWABLE EnErGiES
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Expansion of power grids In future
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Renewable energy share increases de
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Renewable energy shares of energy s
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Structure of renewables-based energ
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Development of electricity generati
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Shares of total renewables-based in
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Development of heat supply from ren
Page 23 and 24: Development of renewables-based fue
Page 25 and 26: In the case of electricity and heat
Page 27 and 28: Emission balance of renewables-base
Page 29 and 30: Emission balance for renewables-bas
Page 31 and 32: Emission balance for renewable-base
Page 33 and 34: The tables show details of the savi
Page 35 and 36: Trends in investments in renewable
Page 37 and 38: Initial and further training in the
Page 39 and 40: In retrospect, important assumption
Page 41 and 42: [tWh] electricity feed-in/eeg Struc
Page 43 and 44: ards of the Energy Saving Ordinance
Page 45 and 46: Assistance funding and resulting in
Page 47 and 48: Environmental damage from emission
Page 49 and 50: Some of the costs and benefits of r
Page 51 and 52: Promotion of research and developme
Page 53 and 54: potentIal capacItIes Long-term sust
Page 55 and 56: Structural challenges: Expansion of
Page 57 and 58: PART II: RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE
Page 59 and 60: The National Renewable Energy Actio
Page 61 and 62: Structure of total renewable energy
Page 63 and 64: Structure of final energy consumpti
Page 65 and 66: A competitive, sustainable and secu
Page 67 and 68: Development of the share of renewab
Page 69 and 70: Renewables-based electricity supply
Page 71 and 72: Wind energy use in the EU Installed
Page 73: At the end of 2010, total wind ener
Page 77 and 78: In 2009 Observ’ER [101] puts the
Page 79 and 80: Jobs in the renewable energies sect
Page 81 and 82: The examples of wind energy and pho
Page 83 and 84: Development of world population and
Page 85 and 86: Renewables-based energy production
Page 87 and 88: Renewables-based shares of energy d
Page 89 and 90: 2009 Rural areas Persons using trad
Page 91 and 92: In 2008, the renewables share of el
Page 93 and 94: Renewable Energy Policy Network for
Page 95 and 96: Clean Energy Ministerial - CEM - Th
Page 97 and 98: 1. Energy supply from photovoltaic
Page 99 and 100: The emission factors for fossil and
Page 101 and 102: 5. Calculating avoidance factors an
Page 103 and 104: The gross saving in fossil fuels is
Page 105 and 106: 8. Organisation for Economic Cooper
Page 107 and 108: Conversion factors Terawatt hour: 1
Page 109 and 110: List of Sources Communications from
Page 111 and 112: [38] Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- u
Page 113 and 114: [92] Umweltbundesamt (UBA): Zentral
Page 115 and 116: [135] Sensfuß, F.: Analysen zum Me
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