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AVoided enViromentAl dAmAge 46 Renewable Energy Sources in Figures How society benefits from the use of renewable energies The preceding pages have provided information on the positive impacts that the expansion of renewable energy has on investments and sales, employment and the reduction in energy imports and their costs. This section explains other positive impacts. Reducing environmental pollution / Avoiding external costs Compared with energy supplies from fossil energy sources, using energy from renewable sources involves much lower emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. In this way renewables make a significant contribution to environmental protection, which as a positive effect can be expressed in monetary terms and set against the costs of renewable energy expansion in a systematic analysis. The complex methodological issues that this raises have been examined more closely in studies for the Federal Environment Agency [126] and the Federal Environment Ministry [most recently: 53], for example. From this it is possible to arrive at a figure of 70 EUR/t CO 2 as the current “best estimate” of the climate damage avoided by using renewables. On this basis, the two following illustrations show the environmental pollution arising from the emissions of conventional greenhouse gases (after IPCC, without “black carbon”) and air pollutants, as a monetary quantification in cents per kWh for the main power and heat generation options. Power and heat generation based on fossil energy sources causes much greater environmental damage than generation of heat or power from renewables. However, the environmental damage shown has to be set against expenditure by companies on CO 2 emission allowances; as a rule these are incurred by electricity generators and to a small extent by heat generators for the purchase of CO 2 allowances. This is intended to at least partially offset the environmental damage caused. Thus the expenditure on allowances results in partial internalisation of the environmental damage, though this still falls well short of the environmental damage actually caused. Simply as a result of the 115 million t CO 2 avoided thanks to all renewable energy sources (power, heat and mobility) in 2010, the above-mentioned estimate of 70 EUR/t CO 2 gives rise to parallel avoidance of climate damage (only CO 2 emissions, without partial internalisation) totalling about 8 billion EUR. According to [55], the use of renewable energy sources in the electricity and heat sectors avoided environmental damage (greenhouse gases and air pollutants) of around 8.4 billion eUr. of this, renewables contributed about 5.8 billion eUr in the electricity sector and about 2.6 billion eUr in the heat sector. taking account of the costs for co 2 allowances, i.e. the partial internalisation of environmental pollution [125], reduces these gross figures to avoided environmental damage totalling 4.8 billion eUr (electricity) and 2.4 billion eUr (heat). The cost estimates for monetary valuation of the environmental damage caused by emissions result from the sum of ó the costs due to climate change, which include lower yields, loss of land, impacts on health and water resources, and damage to the ecosystem etc., and ó the harmful effects on health, harvest losses, material damage and impairment of biodiversity that are caused by air pollutants. The basic principle in determining the estimate of damage costs for the individual emission gases is to identify, at current costs, the damage that will occur in the future as well from present-day emissions.
Environmental damage from emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants and CO 2 allowance costs in 2010 – electricity generation Sources: own calculations fraunhofer iSi after iSi et al. [53], [55]; needS [128]; UBA [75]; Pointcarbon [127] Environmental damage from emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants and CO 2 allowance costs in 2010 – heat generation Sources: own calculations fraunhofer iSi after iSi et al. [53], [55]; needS [128]; UBA [75]; Pointcarbon [127] Other positive impacts for society of the expansion of renewable energies In addition to the environmental damage avoided, the expansion of renewable energy sources has further positive impacts on society which have only been partly quantified or not quantified at all (cf. [53], [55]). These include: AVoided enViromentAl dAmAge/otHer effectS ó Conserving scarce resources ó Providing innovation impetus for construction of renewable energy installations ó Strengthening decentralised structures ó Transferring know-how, technologies and installations to other countries, and ó Reducing dependence on imports and strengthening security of supply by diversifying and reducing the risk potential of energy sources. Another factor of great importance, which will continue to grow even more significant in the future, is the fact that the use of renewable energy sources reduces the competition for scarce resources and thus makes an indirect contribution to internal and external security. At a macroeconomic level these effects give rise to economic impulses which trigger or influence regional and national developments and which may ultimately have positive impacts on employment and value added. Provisional figures 1) Average figure for biomass, bandwidth from 1 to 5 ct/kWh Provisional figures 1) Average figure for biomass, bandwidth from 0.1 to 3 ct/kWh 2) Average figure for biomass, bandwidth from 0.3 to 0.5 ct/kWh 3) Hard coal and lignite Renewable Energy Sources in Figures 47
Page 1 and 2: Renewable Energy Sources in Figures
Page 3 and 4: ContEntS Foreword 5 pArt i: GErmAnY
Page 5 and 6: ForEWorD Dear Readers, The consiste
Page 7 and 8: WorKinG GroUp on rEnEWABLE EnErGiES
Page 9 and 10: Expansion of power grids In future
Page 11 and 12: Renewable energy share increases de
Page 13 and 14: Renewable energy shares of energy s
Page 15 and 16: Structure of renewables-based energ
Page 17 and 18: Development of electricity generati
Page 19 and 20: Shares of total renewables-based in
Page 21 and 22: Development of heat supply from ren
Page 23 and 24: Development of renewables-based fue
Page 25 and 26: In the case of electricity and heat
Page 27 and 28: Emission balance of renewables-base
Page 29 and 30: Emission balance for renewables-bas
Page 31 and 32: Emission balance for renewable-base
Page 33 and 34: The tables show details of the savi
Page 35 and 36: Trends in investments in renewable
Page 37 and 38: Initial and further training in the
Page 39 and 40: In retrospect, important assumption
Page 41 and 42: [tWh] electricity feed-in/eeg Struc
Page 43 and 44: ards of the Energy Saving Ordinance
Page 45: Assistance funding and resulting in
Page 49 and 50: Some of the costs and benefits of r
Page 51 and 52: Promotion of research and developme
Page 53 and 54: potentIal capacItIes Long-term sust
Page 55 and 56: Structural challenges: Expansion of
Page 57 and 58: PART II: RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE
Page 59 and 60: The National Renewable Energy Actio
Page 61 and 62: Structure of total renewable energy
Page 63 and 64: Structure of final energy consumpti
Page 65 and 66: A competitive, sustainable and secu
Page 67 and 68: Development of the share of renewab
Page 69 and 70: Renewables-based electricity supply
Page 71 and 72: Wind energy use in the EU Installed
Page 73 and 74: At the end of 2010, total wind ener
Page 75 and 76: equivalent to an additional collect
Page 77 and 78: In 2009 Observ’ER [101] puts the
Page 79 and 80: Jobs in the renewable energies sect
Page 81 and 82: The examples of wind energy and pho
Page 83 and 84: Development of world population and
Page 85 and 86: Renewables-based energy production
Page 87 and 88: Renewables-based shares of energy d
Page 89 and 90: 2009 Rural areas Persons using trad
Page 91 and 92: In 2008, the renewables share of el
Page 93 and 94: Renewable Energy Policy Network for
Page 95 and 96: Clean Energy Ministerial - CEM - Th
Page 97 and 98:
1. Energy supply from photovoltaic
Page 99 and 100:
The emission factors for fossil and
Page 101 and 102:
5. Calculating avoidance factors an
Page 103 and 104:
The gross saving in fossil fuels is
Page 105 and 106:
8. Organisation for Economic Cooper
Page 107 and 108:
Conversion factors Terawatt hour: 1
Page 109 and 110:
List of Sources Communications from
Page 111 and 112:
[38] Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- u
Page 113 and 114:
[92] Umweltbundesamt (UBA): Zentral
Page 115 and 116:
[135] Sensfuß, F.: Analysen zum Me
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