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EU: WIND ENERGY [MW] 72 Renewable Energy Sources in Figures Total wind energy capacity installed worldwide at the end of 2010 amounted to nearly 200 GW. For the first time China moved to the top of the Top Ten rankings with a total of 42,287 MW, thereby pushing the USA and Germany into second (40,180 MW) and third place (27,214 MW) [111]. Whereas the expansion of land-based wind energy in the EU was down by 13.9 % compared with the year before, the offshore market expanded by more than 50 percent in 2010. A total of 308 new wind turbines in 9 wind parks with an additional capacity of 883 MW were connected to the grid. Thus the total capacity available at the end of 2010 came to nearly 3 GW. This capacity would permit generation of 11.5 TWh of electricity in a normal wind year 1) . The EWEA expects a further 1,000 to 1,500 MW of offshore wind energy in Europe to be connected to the grid in 2011 [108]. 1) For comparison: Berlin’s electricity consumption in 2006 came to 13.4 TWh [115]. Development of cumulative wind energy capacity in the EU Member States 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 476 1990 Capacity addition, 2010 Total: about 9,300 MW ES 16 % DE 16 % 2,465 1995 IT 10 % FR 12 % UK 10 % Rest of EU 35 % Spain Germany EU-27 40,514 47,685 55,957 64,429 74,919 84,074 34,251 20,676 28,513 19,160 16,546 23,061 14,779 11,736 17,151 9,918 8,317 12,801 6,234 4,798 3,244 16,623 18,390 20,579 22,194 23,836 25,716 27,204 2,274 8,750 11,989 14,604 6,097 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total wind energy capacity in 2010 does not correspond exactly to the sum of installed capacity at the end of 2009 plus additions in 2010; this is due to repowering and closures of existing wind turbines. Sources: EWEA [100]; Eurostat [98]; Germany see p. 17; DEWI [33]
At the end of 2010, total wind energy capacity installed in the EU stood at 84,074 MW. The field is led by Germany, followed by Spain, Italy, France and the United Kingdom. The picture is different when it comes to market penetration, however. Here Denmark leads with 686.6 kW per 1,000 inhabitants, while Germany, with 332.7 kW per 1,000 inhabitants, is only in fourth place after Spain (449.6 kW/1,000 inhabitants) and Portugal (366.4 kW/1,000 inhabitants). Installed capacity in the EU averaged 168.3 kW/1,000 inhabitants [101]. The EWEA estimates that in a normal wind year the capacity installed in the EU would be capable of generating 181 TWh of electricity, or 5.3 % 1) of the EU’s total final energy consumption [100]. However, Observ’ER estimates the total wind energy actually generated in 2010 at around 147 TWh. The discrepancy is largely due to the low wind levels during the year [101]. 1) Basis of calculation: Gross electricity consumption 2008: 3,390.7 TWh (EUROSTAT) Development of electricity generation from wind energy in the EU [TWh] 150 125 100 75 50 25 2010 Total: about 147 TWh ES 29.2 % 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Figures for 2010 estimated Rest of EU 14.6 % DE 24.8 % DK 5.3 % Sources: Eurostat [98]; Observ’ER [101] UK 7.8 % FR 6.5 % PT 6.0 % IT 5.7 % EU: WIND ENERGY Denmark Italy Portugal France United Kingdom Germany Spain Rest of EU Renewable Energy Sources in Figures 73
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Renewable Energy Sources in Figures
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ContEntS Foreword 5 pArt i: GErmAnY
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ForEWorD Dear Readers, The consiste
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WorKinG GroUp on rEnEWABLE EnErGiES
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Expansion of power grids In future
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Renewable energy share increases de
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Renewable energy shares of energy s
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Structure of renewables-based energ
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Development of electricity generati
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Shares of total renewables-based in
Page 21 and 22: Development of heat supply from ren
Page 23 and 24: Development of renewables-based fue
Page 25 and 26: In the case of electricity and heat
Page 27 and 28: Emission balance of renewables-base
Page 29 and 30: Emission balance for renewables-bas
Page 31 and 32: Emission balance for renewable-base
Page 33 and 34: The tables show details of the savi
Page 35 and 36: Trends in investments in renewable
Page 37 and 38: Initial and further training in the
Page 39 and 40: In retrospect, important assumption
Page 41 and 42: [tWh] electricity feed-in/eeg Struc
Page 43 and 44: ards of the Energy Saving Ordinance
Page 45 and 46: Assistance funding and resulting in
Page 47 and 48: Environmental damage from emission
Page 49 and 50: Some of the costs and benefits of r
Page 51 and 52: Promotion of research and developme
Page 53 and 54: potentIal capacItIes Long-term sust
Page 55 and 56: Structural challenges: Expansion of
Page 57 and 58: PART II: RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE
Page 59 and 60: The National Renewable Energy Actio
Page 61 and 62: Structure of total renewable energy
Page 63 and 64: Structure of final energy consumpti
Page 65 and 66: A competitive, sustainable and secu
Page 67 and 68: Development of the share of renewab
Page 69 and 70: Renewables-based electricity supply
Page 71: Wind energy use in the EU Installed
Page 75 and 76: equivalent to an additional collect
Page 77 and 78: In 2009 Observ’ER [101] puts the
Page 79 and 80: Jobs in the renewable energies sect
Page 81 and 82: The examples of wind energy and pho
Page 83 and 84: Development of world population and
Page 85 and 86: Renewables-based energy production
Page 87 and 88: Renewables-based shares of energy d
Page 89 and 90: 2009 Rural areas Persons using trad
Page 91 and 92: In 2008, the renewables share of el
Page 93 and 94: Renewable Energy Policy Network for
Page 95 and 96: Clean Energy Ministerial - CEM - Th
Page 97 and 98: 1. Energy supply from photovoltaic
Page 99 and 100: The emission factors for fossil and
Page 101 and 102: 5. Calculating avoidance factors an
Page 103 and 104: The gross saving in fossil fuels is
Page 105 and 106: 8. Organisation for Economic Cooper
Page 107 and 108: Conversion factors Terawatt hour: 1
Page 109 and 110: List of Sources Communications from
Page 111 and 112: [38] Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- u
Page 113 and 114: [92] Umweltbundesamt (UBA): Zentral
Page 115 and 116: [135] Sensfuß, F.: Analysen zum Me
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