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TABLE 24. SPECIFICATIONS OF TEST EQUIPMENT FOR MEDICAL PHYSICIST’S TESTS (cont.)ItemCalibrated photometerDisplay test patterns (modified from AAPMTG-18)RequirementsLuminance meter (photometer) able to measure luminance between 0.5 and1000 cd/m 2 with better than 5% accuracy and a precision of at least 10 –2 , complyingwith the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standard photopic spectralresponse to within 3%. If the monitors are LCD technology and the photometer is anear range contact design (not telescopic), the acceptance angle must be less than 5°.The photometer should not be the one attached to the graphics board on theworkstation and used to calibrate the monitors; this test is intended to be anindependent check of the system (the attached probe could be dirty or out ofcalibration). It should be auto ranging and designed to measure both luminance andilluminance. For luminance measurements, a photometric filter, lens and ambient lightshade should be incorporated. For illuminance measurements, a photometric filterwith cosine diffuser should be used.Illuminance meter able to measure illuminance between 1 and 500 lx (lm/m 2 ) withbetter than 5% accuracy, complying with the CIE standard photopic response towithin 3%.Unit specific TG18-QC comprehensive display QC pattern with DICOM header andimage format identical to that produced by the acquisition system. See the IAEA website for availability: http://humanhealth.iaea.org.Generic images of the TG18-UNL10 and TG18-UNL80 luminance uniformitypatterns d . See the IAEA web site for availability: http://humanhealth.iaea.orgNote: Regular calibration of radiation detectors is essential [66].aA smaller area of material can be used if it is raised close to the X ray tube. In this case, it must be carefully aligned parallel to theplane of the detector.bMust comply with IEC-61674 [66, 73].cIf hard copy printing is performed in the facility.dThese are uniformly grey images with brightness set at 20 and 80% of maximum brightness.142
Appendix IIICOMMON NON-CLINICAL ARTEFACTS ARISING IN DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY IMAGESImages of clinical artefacts are presented in Section 5.7 of this publication. This appendix provides furtherpictorial examples of non-clinical image artefacts that may be observed during routine QC testing or annualphysicist testing (Figs 39–45). This summary of artefacts should not be regarded as complete. Further examples canbe found in the literature [74].FIG. 39. The top image is of a uniform QC test object displayed with a narrow window acquired with an early model scanning digitalmammography unit demonstrating linear registration artefacts (arrows). These artefacts arise from the image reconstruction methodand are not regarded as clinically significant. The lower image, illustrating part of the same test object, indicates a more serious issueof an electronic (application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)) failure.143
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X raysdel matrixCs scintillatorLine
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QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMMEFOR DIGI
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IAEA HUMAN HEALTH SERIES No. 17QUAL
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FOREWORDThe application of radiatio
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An effective QA programme is necess
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The Integrating the Healthcare Ente
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technology. Systems containing othe
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X raysTop electrodea-Se layerCharge
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dose received by inhomogeneous real
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2.3.8.1. Soft copy displayFlat pane
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3. ELEMENTS OF HIGH QUALITY MAMMOGR
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— The ability to mask edges of ma
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Disposal orsaleNew facility(start h
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4.2.3. Radiographer (mammography te
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5.2.2. Electronic versus geometric
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To allow full utilization of the di
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5.7. ARTEFACTSWhile the incidence o
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FIG. 10. Detector crystallization.
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FIG. 13. A more subtle example of a
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FIG. 16. An example of poor collima
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7. RADIOGRAPHER’S QUALITY CONTROL
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7.1. DAILY TESTS7.1.1. Monitor insp
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7.1.3. Daily flat field phantom ima
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7.1.4. Visual inspection for artefa
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7.1.5. Laser printer sensitometry7.
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7.1.6. Image plate erasure (CR syst
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FIG. 19. Modified TG18-QC pattern w
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FIG. 21. Radiologist workstation wi
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7.2.1.6. Time frame for corrective
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7.2.3. Weekly quality control test
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Note: It is not necessary to view t
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TABLE 7. TOLERANCES FOR IMAGING WEE
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7.2.4.4. Interpretation of results
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7.3.1.5. Recommendations and correc
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artefacts are typically best seen w
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7.3.3.5. Recommendations and correc
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7.4.1.3. Methodology(1) Annotate th
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RECORD OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY REPEA
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(3) Including examinations of at le
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7.5. SEMI-ANNUAL TESTS7.5.1. Comput
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8. MEDICAL PHYSICIST’S QUALITY CO
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8.1. NOTE ON IMAGE NAMING CONVENTIO
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(16) On any randomly selected patie
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FIG. 30. Positioning of bathroom sc
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(6) The target, filter, kV, grid, d
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(2) Stack the 20 and 25 mm PMMA sla
Page 103 and 104: TABLE 13. ACCEPTABLE AND ACHIEVABLE
Page 105 and 106: 8.5. DETECTOR PERFORMANCE8.5.1. Bas
Page 107 and 108: 8.5.2. Detector response and noise8
Page 109 and 110: the service engineer responsible fo
Page 111 and 112: (13) Using the annotation tool on t
Page 113 and 114: Breast supportPMMA slabBreast suppo
Page 115 and 116: (10) Place the thinner test object
Page 117 and 118: 8.6. EVALUATION OF SYSTEM RESOLUTIO
Page 119 and 120: TABLE 17. ACCEPTABLE FREQUENCIES AT
Page 121 and 122: 8.7. X RAY EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTIC
Page 123 and 124: 8.7.2. Incident air kerma at the en
Page 125 and 126: 8.8. DOSIMETRY8.8.1. Mean glandular
Page 127 and 128: TABLE 21. ACCEPTABLE AND ACHIEVABLE
Page 129 and 130: FIG. 34. Suggested layout for ruler
Page 131 and 132: 8.10. IMAGE DISPLAY QUALITYThe accu
Page 133 and 134: FIG. 35. Modified TG18-QC test patt
Page 135 and 136: 8.10.1.5. Interpretation of results
Page 137 and 138: 8.10.2. Monitor luminance response
Page 139 and 140: TABLE 22. MONITOR PERFORMANCE TOLER
Page 141 and 142: FIG. 38. Measurement of illuminatio
Page 143 and 144: 8.11. LASER PRINTER8.11.1. Laser pr
Page 145 and 146: 8.11.1.5. Recommendations and corre
Page 147: 8.12.1.4. Interpretation of results
Page 150 and 151: iopsies are performed, a sink is of
Page 152 and 153: Appendix IISPECIFICATIONS OF TEST E
Page 156 and 157: FIG. 40. Image acquired with a unif
Page 158 and 159: FIG. 43. The left hand image is par
Page 160 and 161: FIG. 45. A TG18-QC test pattern dis
Page 162 and 163: [29] ALSAGER, A., YOUNG, K.C., ODUK
Page 165 and 166: Annex IRADIOGRAPHER DATA COLLECTION
Page 167 and 168: Chart 2 — DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY (DM
Page 169 and 170: Chart 4 LASER PRINTER SENSITOMETRY
Page 171 and 172: Chart 6 — WEEKLY DISPLAY MONITOR
Page 173 and 174: Chart 7(b) WEEKLY QC TEST OBJECT:
Page 175 and 176: Chart 9 — SAFETY AND FUNCTION CHE
Page 177 and 178: Chart 11 — LASER PRINTER ARTEFACT
Page 179 and 180: Chart 13(a) — RECORD OF DIGITAL M
Page 181 and 182: Chart 14 — CR PLATE SENSITIVITY M
Page 183 and 184: Annex IIITHE MAMMOGRAPHY EXTRACTThe
Page 185 and 186: GLOSSARYair kerma. The energy depos
Page 187 and 188: image quality. The overall merit of
Page 189: CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW
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