The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 207Physical Aspect of the Land, p. 207. Glacial Action, p. 209. Lukes, Islands, p. 211. Climate,Vegetation, Fauna, p. 216, Ethnology: Tavastians, Karelians, Swedes, 216. Topography,p. 219. Material Progress, Natural Resources, Industries, p. 221. Railways, Telegraphs,Government, 224.Chap. III. Tiik Baltic Provinces (Esthonia, Livonia, Kurland) 227Physical Features, Kiv, r B isins, p. 227. Ethnology : the Esthonians, p. 231. The Letts, p. 233.Swedes, Sins, Germans, p. 234. Topography, p. 236.Chap. IV. Poland (Polska) 241Historical Retrospect, 241. The Land of the Vistula, Prehistoric Remains, p. 24-5. EthnicalElements, Polish Character, p. 217. The Polish Jews, German and Russian Influence, LandTenure, Material Progress, p. 248. Topography, p. 251.Chap. V. Uppbb Dvina and Niemen Basins (Lithuania, Gkodno, Vitebsk) .... 256Physical Features, p. 2 -37. The Lithuanian Race and Language, p. 260. Tenure of Land,p. 263. Topography, p. 264.Chap. VI. Dnieper and Dniester Basins (White, Little, and New Russia) .... 268The '-Black Lands," the Steppes, p. 269. Water Systems, p. 272. The Dnieper, p. 273. TheDniester and Bug, the Limans, p. 277. The Upper Dnieper and the Pripet Basin ("White Russia,Polesya, Volhynia), p. 282. The White Russians, p. 283. Topography, p. 286. Middle andLower Dnieper, Bug, and Dniester (Ukrania, New Russia), p. 288. The Little Russians andCossacks, p. 289. Other Ethnical Elements in Ukrania, p. 297. Topography, p. 301.Chap. VII. Region of the Great Lakes (Ingria and Karelia, Novgorod and St. Petersburg) 319Physical Features, Lakes Peipus and Ilmen, p. 319. Lakes Ladoga and Onega, p. 323. Climate,p. 327. Population : Finns and Great Russians, p. 328. Topography, p. 330.Chap. VIII. Lanes draining to the Arctic Ocean (Russian Lapland, Northern Urals,Noyaya Zemlya, Governments of Archangel and Vologda) 341Physical Aspect, the Tundra, p. 341. The Ural Mountains, p. 344. Water System, theDvina and Petchora, p. 346. The White Sea, p. 348. Inhahitants: Lapps, Siunoyeds,Ziryanians, and Pomori, p. 350. Topography, p. 354. Novaya Zemlya, p. 358.Chap. IX. Volga and Ural Basins (Great Russia) 363The Volga and its Tributaries, p. 364. The Volga Delta, p. 367. The Caspian Sea, p. 370.The Lacustrine and Salt Steppes of the Caspian Basin, p. 373. The Southern Urals and RiverUral, p. 375. Ethnical Elements, the Great Russians, p. 379. Religious Sects, p. 385. Topography: Towns in the Governments of Tver, Varoslav, and Kostroma, p. 3S8. Towns in theGovernments of Orol, Kaluga, Tula, Moscow, Kazan, Vladimir, Tambov, and Nijni-Novgorod,p. 390. Middle Volga and Kama Basins, p. 402. Inhabitants : Mordvinians, p. 402. TheCheremissians and Chuvashes, p. 404. The Kazan Tatars, Votyaks, and Bashkirs, p. 406.Topography, p. 409. Lower Volga Basin (Governments of Penza, Simbirsk, Samara,Saratov, and Astrakhan), p. 414. The Kalnmks and Kirghiz, p. 414. Topography, p. 417.The Northern Steppes— Ural Basin (Government of Orenburg— Army of the Urals),p. 420.Chap. X. Basin of the Don— Sea of Azov (Governments of Voronej and Kharkov, Territoryof the Don Cossacks) ............ 422The Sea of Azov, p. 425. Inhabitants : the Don Cossacks, p. 431. Topography, p. 434.Chap. XI. The Crimea 441Geological Formation, p. 442. Flora, Fauna, Climate, p. 415. Inhabitants, p. 446. Topography,p. 4 IS.Chap, XII. Material and Social Condition of Russia 452Vital Statistics, p. 452. Industries, Agriculture, p. 45S. The Mir, or Commune, p. 461.Mining and Manufactures, p. 465. Trade and Shipping, p. 467. Canals, Railways, p. 468.Education, p. 171. Government and Administration, p. 472. The Church, Army and Navy,IM'IAFinance, p. 476.4S9