The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fourteenth century English rovers had settled in the Vestmann Isles, thencemaking sudden plundering excursions along the seaboard, sacking churches,capturing and ransoming the peasantry, or selling them into bondage. Barbarycorsairs appeared in 1627, carrying oft' many, and slaughtering those who resisted.A rigid commercial monoply also cut Iceland off from the rest of the world,reducing it to the last extremity towards the close of the eighteenth century,the population numbering no more than 38,142 in the year 1786. In 1808local independence was proclaimed at Reykjavik, but the Danish authority wassoon restored; nor did the island receive a constitution till 1874, the millenniumof the first Norwegian settlement. Free trade had, however, been proclaimedin 1854.The natives are generally of tall stature, with round features, bigh forehead,thick hair, grey or blue eyes, coarse-set limbs, and heavy gait. The women, ifnot handsome, have at least a pleasant expression, with their light and soft hairfalling in long tresses over their shoulders, and their heads covered with prettylittle black caps decked with grey silken ribbons. The bodice, open above, butfastened with ornamental clasps below, is adorned with velvet and silver galloons,often of considerable value.Although marriages amongst kindred are the rule, natural infirmities are rare.But the mortality is very high, owing to the practice of weaning the children onthe third day after birth, and henceforth bringing them up exclusively on cow'smilk, fish, and coarse meats. In Heimaey (" Home Isle " ), one of the Vestmanngroup, most of the newly born die of convulsions, as in St. Kilda, though thefrightful mortality has diminished since the erection of a lying-in hospital, wheremother and child can enjoy a few weeks of pure air, denied them in their ownwretched hovels.Strange to say, consumption is almost unknown—an immunity attributed tothe diet, consisting of dairy produce, rye bread, and dried fish, with occasionallya little mutton. On the other hand, influenza, or epidemic bronchitis, is common,and the most fatal of all local disorders, though it i. ever attacks strangers. Itsravages are greatest in summer, which is otherwise also the most unhealthyseason of the year. Scorbutic affections, leprosy, and elephantiasis have not yetdisappeared from the island.The people are in general characterized by a certain dignity, reserve, andpersonal courage ; but they are accused of being very suspicious, and, like theirkindred in Norway and Normandy, much addicted to litigation. Happily theformer sanguinary quarrels, duels, and ordeals are now replaced by actions atlaw. In natural capacity, depth of thought, and love of letters they yield thepalm to none. The custom formerly prevailed of meeting together to listen tothe reading of their Gamba Sugar, or national chronicles, and in many housesartless paintings and sculptures recalled the leading events of their history.Heading and the game of chess occupied the long winter nights, and the art ofprinting had already been introduced in 1531, before the conversion of thenatives to Lutheranism. Even now scientific work finds encouragement in the
ICELAND.I:;hamlets, isolated farmsteads, and islets on the seaboard, and Arne Magnussonhas left a portion of his fortune to aid in the publication of all the literary monumentsof his native land. Primary instruction is so diffused that the pastorsrefuse to marry unlettered couples, and the island has for over a century enjoyeda periodical press and a literary society.Besides the national speech, Danish is current in Reykjavik and all otherFie-.17—E EYK.IAVlk.trading centres ; but elsewhere Icelandic is exclusively spoken, though politeexpressions in Latin introduced by the clergy are still in vogue.A relatively large number of the people reside abroad, and many, aftergraduating in Copenhagen, settle in Denmark, as did the father of the illustriousThorwaldsen. There is a considerable stream of emigration to America ;Icelandicis now heard on the shores of the Canadian lakes, in Michigan, Wisconsin,
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LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
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CITYUOAD.
Page 12: ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
Page 18 and 19: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS
Page 20 and 21: MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
Page 22 and 23: 2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
Page 24 and 25: 4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
Page 26 and 27: 6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
Page 28 and 29: 8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
Page 30 and 31: 110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
Page 32 and 33: 12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
Page 34 and 35: 14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
Page 36 and 37: 1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
Page 38 and 39: 18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
Page 40 and 41: •.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
Page 42 and 43: 22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
Page 44 and 45: ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
Page 46 and 47: 2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
Page 48 and 49: 28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
Page 50 and 51: 80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
Page 52 and 53: 32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
Page 54 and 55: 34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
Page 56 and 57: 36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
Page 58 and 59: 33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
Page 60 and 61: 10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
Page 64 and 65: 44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
Page 66: Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
Page 69 and 70: SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
Page 71 and 72: THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
Page 73 and 74: THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
Page 75 and 76: THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
Page 77 and 78: THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
Page 79 and 80: INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
Page 81 and 82: INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
Page 83 and 84: TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
Page 86 and 87: •COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
Page 89 and 90: COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
Page 95 and 96: COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
Page 97 and 98: SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
Page 99 and 100: SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
Page 101 and 102: ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
Page 103 and 104: CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
Page 105 and 106: nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
Page 107: ,RARY
Page 110 and 111: 78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
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126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
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128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
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130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
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132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
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13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
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13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
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-ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
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138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
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140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
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112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
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114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
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146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
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1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
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150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
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152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
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15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
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156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
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View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
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1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
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162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
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164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
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106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
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THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
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170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
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SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even
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SPITZBERGEN. 173vicissitudes in the
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SPITZBERGEN. 175changes of temperat
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SPITZBEKOEN. 177captured ; but Nord
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WICHE'S LAND. 179to certain unauthe
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the expedition.But from this point
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RUSSIA IN EUROPE.CHAPTER I.GENERAL
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GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 185that have b
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LAKES AND RIVERS. 187St. Petersburg
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CLIMATE. 189Climate.— Vegetation.
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* Mean temperature in degrees Fahre
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INHABITANTS. 193groups, Uralo-Fiuni
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OEIGIXES OF RUSSIA. 195fifths of th
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THE VARANGIANS. 197the Novgorod Sla
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NOVGOROD IN HEB GLORY. 199the north
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POLISH ASCENDANCY.2C1historic highw
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GROWTH OF RUSSIA. 203herself be one
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SEABOARD AND BOUNDARIES.where could
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CHAPTER II.ALTHOUGH forming part of
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GLACIALFINLAND :ACTION. 209elevatio
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FINLAND: LAKES. 211It looks as if a
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FINLAND: LAKES. 213it has retained
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FINLAND: CLIMATE. 215Climate.— Ve
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FINLAND: INHABITANTS. 217with the R
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FINLAND: TOrOGEAPHY. 219Forsby, on
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FINLAND : NATURALRESOURCES. 221of S
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FINLAND: POTOLATION. 223Industry is
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FINLAND : GOVERNMENT.225one iu twen
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CHAPTER III.THE BALTIC PROVINCES.(E
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TEE BALTIC PROVINCE*. 229drainage i
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TIIE BALTIC PROVINCES. 231and geolo
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THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 233composed t
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THE BALTIC PK0YENCE8. 235vessels, a
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THE BALTIC ITiOVlXCES. 237capital o
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THE LALTIC rKOVIXCE*. 239approaches
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CHAPTER IV.poland (polska).Historic
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POLAND. 243successors soon lost mos
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POLAND. 245in appearance. It was ev
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'•',|',.jl"n -''
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248 RUSSIA JN EEBOrE.Like all civil
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230 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.some of the la
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25 2 KtTSSIA IN EUEOPE.In the "Wart
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254 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Few cities of
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CHAPTER V.UPPER DVINA AND NIEMEN BA
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258 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Niemen, wh
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260 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.and representi
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262 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.breathing a de
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2G4 RUSSIA IX BUEOPE.labourers rece
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266 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Jesuits was on
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CHAPTER VI.DNIEPER AND DNIESTER BAS
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'.;.270 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.on the sur
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272I1; -ssl A IN EUROPE.Water Syste
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271 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Nearly all its
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27GRUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nowhere an abso
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27KPITSSIA IN EUROPE.side of the li
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280 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Iii the coast
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2S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and beyond it t
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284 . RUSSIAIX EUROPE.Russians may
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28GRUSSIA IN EUKOPE.Topography.The
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288 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Lug, a tributa
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,;290 RUSSIA IX ETTBOEE.names corre
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292 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the ninth c
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201 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.whence thev so
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29 C RUSSIA IX EUROrE.thousands of
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298 RUSSIA IN ETJEOrE.and in the st
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800 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.provinces, and
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:v.".-'.•302 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and
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304 EUSSIA IX EUROl'E.enemies from
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306 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Fanatics are e
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308 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.was one of the
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310 RUSSIA IX ETJEOPE.rate the over
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812 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.opposite bank
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8URUSSIA IN EUEOrE.Ilaji-Bey liman,
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316 RUSSIA TX EUBOPEThe quality of
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318 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the Moldavian
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:;-nEUSSIA IN EUEOPE.oi' (lie river
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322 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.fallin g from
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324 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.jslaiddown at
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826 i;l SSIA IX EUROPE.of the same
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328 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.history is pre
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330 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.woven stuffs,
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B32RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Byzantine coins
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334 Bl SSIA IN EUEOPE.Nevertheless
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ST. PETEESBTJEG. 335On the shores o
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.;& 'i;J illVinlSii
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ST. PETERSBURG. 337including the hu
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ST. PETERSBURG. 339Palace, contains
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CHAPTER VIII.LANDS DRAINING TO THE
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 843stretching southw
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ARCTIC RUSSIA.3Urunning north-west
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 347from 40 to TO fee
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TIIK WHITE SEA. 349which it is dist
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THE SAMOYEDS. 851Russian plains sou
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ZIRYANIANS. 853or Ch tides, as the
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ONEGA. 155in the first half of the
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AKCHANGEL. :;:,7chief centre of tra
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 359frequented by the
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 363Government survey
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theCHAPTER IX.VOLGA AND URAL BASINS
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THE VOLGA. 365and rafts are then ab
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THE VOLGA DELTA.3G7narrow peninsula
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Tin: VOLGA DELTA. 369thirds of that
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TUE CASriAX SEA. 371light navigatio
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LACUSTRINE AND SALT STEPPES OF THE
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THE SOUTHERN URALS. 375their operat
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THE SOUTHERN HEALS. 877other plains
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THE GEEAT RUSSIANS. 879the spring f
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 881the subject.
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 883the mingled
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RfBINSK. 389industrial centres in X
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TYTES AM) COSTUMES IN THE GOVEKNMEK
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OROL— TULA. 391the artisan classe
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MOSCOW. 393Vitebsk and Smolensk, th
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MOSCOW. 395that " Moscow is celebra
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RIAZAN-KASIMOV. 397monastery. It is
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NIJNI-NOVGOROD. 399paint as many as
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NIJNI-NOVGOBOD. 401The district whe
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THE MORDYINIANS. 403down the Volga
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CHEREMISSIANS—CHUVASHES. 405conne
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KAZAN TATARS. 407Bulgarliks. Differ
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PENZA. 4091875. The kindred Voguls
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BOLOAE. 411history of the Russian s
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SLA.TOUST—VIATKA. 4131721. Thanks
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THE KAIMUK8. 415some Turki tribes,
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SIMBIRSK—SAMAEA. 417enthusiasm in
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DUBOVEA—SAREPTA—-TZAROV. 419the
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THE URAL COSSACKS. 421place having
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THE DON. 423been levelled by the ac
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 425basin.Since 186
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iTHE SEA OF AZOV. 427especially is
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 429the salt consum
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'THE DON COSSACKS. 431Inhabitants.
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THE DOX COSSACKS. 433families, Saxo
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VOEONEJ—KHARKOV. 435as Kozlor and
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GKUGUYEV—SLA.VANSK—SLAYANOSEBBS
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EOSTOV—AZOV-TAGANROG. 439head of
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;«,
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CHAPTER XLTHE CRIMEA.HE Crimean pen
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THE CRIMEA. 443times facilitated co
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TIIE CRIMEA. 445and according to th
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THE CRIMEA. 447a reaction which lus
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SEBASTOPOL. 449The famous siege of
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KAFFA—KERTCH. 451often commanding
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POPULATION. 453surprisingly from pr
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POPULATION. 455far inferior to that
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POPULATION. 457The Russians, as is
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AGRICULTURE. 459who are obliged to
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TEE MIE, OR COMMUNE. 461taiuly rece
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THE MIE, OE COMMUNE. 463both " vill
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MINING AND MANUFACTURES.4G5a more f
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COMMEKCE. 46775,680,000 gallons of
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RAILWAYS.4G9long. Yet, nofcwithstan
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EDUCATION. 471Education.In educatio
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 473s
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 475m
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-•>THE CHURCH—THE ARMY. 477"whi
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THE AKMY AND NAVY. 479Some of the R
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Hibrring,Aalborg,j(suburbYiborg,APP
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AITENDIX. 483EL—COMMERCE.Shipping
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APPENDIX. 485Area axd Population -o
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APPENDIX. 487VI.—MANUFACTORIES NO
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INDEX.Aa River. Kurlfmd, 229Livonia
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INDEX.1U1Frithiof Glacier, 173Frost
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INDEX. 493Mezen, 358Gulf, 343River,
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INDEX. 495Skj&lfjanaifli6t, 34SkjSr
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,'.J'4T"^L._,.'•;--£'in **£%^SS
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"VUNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS-URBA3 0112
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