The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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484 A1TEXDIX.THE EUSSIAN EMPIEE.I.—AEEA AND POPULATION.Governments.Population.Principal Towns, with Population.BALTIC PRO VINOES.St. Petersburg . . .Esthonia (Esthland)Livonia (Livland) . .KurlandGREAT RUSSIA.MoscowTverYaroslavKostromaVladimirNijni-Novgorod .KazanTulaKalugaTambovYoronejKurskOrolSmolenskPskovNovgorodOlonetzArchangelVologdaEAST RUSSIA.PermViatkaKazanPenzaSimbirskSamaraUfaOrenburgSaratovLITTLE RUSSIA.Kharkov ....PoltavaChernigovKiev (Kiyev)20,7007,81818,15810,53513,75032,70218.S6419,79716,25411,95611,94025.6S425,43917,93721,63S17,06947,23557,638331,600156,496128,2509,11654,00 124,99619,11010,20047,03373,88732,62386,67021,04019,26520,23319,6881,326,875323,9611,000,876619,1541,913,6991,528,8811,001,7481,176,0971,259,9231,271,5641,477.4331,253,037996,2522,150,9712,153,6961,954,8071,596,8811,140,015755,7011,011,445298,392281,1121,003,0392,198,6662,406,0241,789,9802,198,6661,205,8811,837,0811,364,925900,5471,751, 26S2,102,1,659,2,175,St. Petersburg, 667,963; Kronstadt, 47,166; Tzarko'ie-Selo,14,465.Revel, 31,269.Eiga, 103,000 ;Dorpat, 20,540 ; Pernau, 9,508.Mitau, 22,185; Libau, 10,767.Moscow, 601,969; Sergivcvskiv. 27.741; Kolomna,18,808; Serpukhov, 16",720; Podolsk, 10,973.Tver, 38,248; ftjov, 18,732; Vishni-Volochok, 17,408;Torjok, 12,910; Ostaabkov, 10,806.Yaroslav, 20,429; Ribinsk, 15,047; Uglich, 13,069.Kostroma. 27,178.Vladimir, 16,422; Ivanovo, 17,000; Murom, 10,700;Shuya, 10,440.Nijni-Novgorod (Nishegorod), 44,190 ; Arzamas,10.400.Kazan, 19,990 ; Kasinov, 14,100.Tula, 57,374.Kaluga, 38,608; Jizdra, 11,703; Borovsk, 9,491.Tambov, 26,403; Kozlov, 25,522 : Morshansk, 19,500 ;Lipetzk, 14,213 ; Borisoglebsk, 12,610.Voronej, 42,142 ; Ostrogoshsk, 9,900.Kursk,' 31,754 ; Belgorod, 10,097 ; Miropolve, 10,754 ;Eilsk, 9,445.Orol, 44,280; Yeletz, 30,540; Bolkhov, 19,224;Bransk, 14,657 ; Mtzensk, 14,159 ; Livni, 12,175 ;Karachev, 11,267.Smolensk, 24,332 ; Yazma, 11,637 ; Dorogobuj,9,100.Pskov, 18,331.Novgorod, 17,093 ; Starnva Rusa, 14,756.Petrozavodsk, 10,901 ; Olonetz, 1,341.Archangel (Arkhangelsk), 18,268.Vologda, 17,223.Perm, 22,288; Yekaterinburg, 25,133; Kungur,10,804.Viatka, 21.240; Ishovsk, 21,500 ;Sarapul, 7,688.Kazan, 86,262; Chistopol, 13,030.Penza, 34,334 : Saransk, 9,369.Simbirsk, 26,822; Sizran, 19,443.Samara, 51,247; Pokrovskaya, 12,950; Buzuluk,14,878.Ufa, 20, 017; Zlatoust, 10,629.I •renburg, 35,623.Saratov, 85,220; Volak, 31,269; Kanushin, 15,700;Klivalinsk, 15,630; Atkarsk, 15,200; Kuznetzk,14,185; Dubovka, 12,737; Serdobsk, 12,200;Tzaritzin, 11,800; Petrovsk, 10,770.Astrakhan, 48,220.Kharkov, 101,175; Akhtirka, 17,820; Sumi, 14,126;Izum, 12,962; Starobelsk, 12,960; Lielopolve,12,256; Lebedan, 11,897; Slavansk, 11,690.Poltava, 33.979; Kremenchug, 30,472; Kobelaki,12,989; Priluki, 12,878; Zenkov, 10,589.Chernigov, 16,174; Nejin, 21,590; Glukhov, 13.39S;Starodub, 12,333.Kiev, 127.251 ; Berdiobev, 52.503 ; Belaya-Zerkov,18.700; Yasilkov, 10.507; I'man, 'l.'.,:;o;; ;Cherkasi, 13,914; Tarashtcha, 11,420; Zvenigorodka,!1,375; Skvira, 10,061.
APPENDIX. 485Area axd Population -of the Russian Empire {continued).Governments.Principal Towns, -with Population.SOUTH RUSSIA.Don Cossacks . .Y- k iterinoslav . .TauridaKhersonWEST RUSSIA.Podolia ....Yolhynia ....MinskGrodno ....KovnoVilnaMoghilov . . . .Vitebsk . .61,9132d,14S24,53927,52317,62616,22327,73835,27414,96515,69216,41218,55117,4391,086,2641,352,300704,!1,596,!1,719,8901,182,2301,008,5211,156,0411,001,909947.625Novo-Cherkask, 33,397.Yekaterinoslav, 24,267 ;Taganrog, 48.186 ; Rostov,44,453; Bakhmut, 17,999; Azov, 16.791: Nakhichevan,16.25S ; Pavlograd, 11,391; Novo-Moskovsk, 10,515 ; Lugan, 10,050.Kertch, 22,459; Simferopol, 17.130; Sehastopol,13,260; Berdansk, 12,223; Karasuhazar, 11,669;Bakhchisarai, 10,528.Odessa, 184,819 : Nikolayev, 82,805 ; Kherson, 46,320;Yelisavetirr.nl. 35,179 ; Tiraspol, 16,692 ; Ananyev,]5,3S3; Alexandriva, 10,521; Novo-Georgievsk(Krilof), 10,225.Kichinov, 102,427 ; Akkerrnan, 39,201 ; Bender,24,625; Ismail with Tuchkov, 21,000; Khotin,1S,14S; Bolgrad, 15,000.Kamenetz-Podolskiy, 22,611 ; Balta, 18,842 : Yinnitza,18,780; Moghilov-Podolskiv, 18,129; Proskurov,11,751.Jitomir, 43,047 ; Staro - Constantinov, 15,605 ;Lutzk. 11,838; Kremenetz, 11,819; Novgorod-Yolinsk, 9,340.Minsk, 35,563; Bobruisk, 26.S72 ; Pinsk, 17,718;Slutsk, 9,922.Grodno, 31,060 ; Brest-Litovskiy, 22,132; Belostok,17,658; Stonim, 11,596.Kovno, 33,050; Shavli, 13,343; Yilkomir, 11,US;Rossieni, 10.700.Yilna, 04,217; Disna, 6,111.Moghilov, 40,431 ; Gomel, 13,030.Vitebsk, 31,182; Dunaburg, 29,613 ; Polotzk, 11,928.Ecssia ProperFinland ....Poland . . . .Siberia (1870)Central Asia1,S99,090144.22649,157179,5254,824,4901,283,46865,S64,9101,968.6,528,5,62S,3003,4404,400.Helsingfors, 33,602 ; Abo, 21.794; "VYiborg, 12,009;Tammerfors, 12,000 ; TTIeaborg, 8,679 ; Bjbrnaborg,7,350; Kuopio, 6,050; Nikolaistad (Vasa), 5,000.Warsaw, 308,548; Lodz, 39,078; Lublin, 26, 70SPlock, 19,1S9: Kahsz, 16.957; Piotrkotv, 16,949;Suwalki, 15,585 ; Czestochowa, 14,S30 ; Lomza,13,335; YVloclawek, 12,445; Zgierz, 11.468;Radom, 11,339; Aucrustowo, 10,650; Kalwarva,10.200: Siedice, 10,013.Tiflis, 104.U24; Yeisk, 26,276; Xukha, 25,000;Shemakha, 24,500 : Stavropol, 24.000.Irkutsk, 32,300 : Tomsk, 25,600 ; Tobolsk, 17.500.Tashkend, 86,233; Khokand, 50,000; Samarkand,30,000 ; Omsk, 30,000.8,379,950* 87,S29,b.33• Exclusive of the Caspian Sea (169,663 square miles).II.—RELIGIONS IX THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE.According to Sehwanebaeh, IS 76.
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LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
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CITYUOAD.
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ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS
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MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
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2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
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4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
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6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
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8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
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110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
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12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
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14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
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1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
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18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
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•.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
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22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
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ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
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2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
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28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
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80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
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32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
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34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
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36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
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33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
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10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
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42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fo
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44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
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Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
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SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
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THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
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THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
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•COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
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COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
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COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
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ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
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CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
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nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
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,RARY
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78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
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126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
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128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
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130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
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132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
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13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
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13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
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-ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
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138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
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140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
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112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
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114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
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146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
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1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
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150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
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152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
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15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
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156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
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View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
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1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
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162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
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164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
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106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
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THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
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170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
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SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even
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SPITZBERGEN. 173vicissitudes in the
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SPITZBERGEN. 175changes of temperat
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SPITZBEKOEN. 177captured ; but Nord
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WICHE'S LAND. 179to certain unauthe
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the expedition.But from this point
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RUSSIA IN EUROPE.CHAPTER I.GENERAL
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GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 185that have b
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LAKES AND RIVERS. 187St. Petersburg
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CLIMATE. 189Climate.— Vegetation.
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* Mean temperature in degrees Fahre
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INHABITANTS. 193groups, Uralo-Fiuni
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OEIGIXES OF RUSSIA. 195fifths of th
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THE VARANGIANS. 197the Novgorod Sla
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NOVGOROD IN HEB GLORY. 199the north
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POLISH ASCENDANCY.2C1historic highw
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GROWTH OF RUSSIA. 203herself be one
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SEABOARD AND BOUNDARIES.where could
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CHAPTER II.ALTHOUGH forming part of
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GLACIALFINLAND :ACTION. 209elevatio
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FINLAND: LAKES. 211It looks as if a
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FINLAND: LAKES. 213it has retained
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FINLAND: CLIMATE. 215Climate.— Ve
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FINLAND: INHABITANTS. 217with the R
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FINLAND: TOrOGEAPHY. 219Forsby, on
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FINLAND : NATURALRESOURCES. 221of S
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FINLAND: POTOLATION. 223Industry is
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FINLAND : GOVERNMENT.225one iu twen
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CHAPTER III.THE BALTIC PROVINCES.(E
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TEE BALTIC PROVINCE*. 229drainage i
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TIIE BALTIC PROVINCES. 231and geolo
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THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 233composed t
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THE BALTIC PK0YENCE8. 235vessels, a
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THE BALTIC ITiOVlXCES. 237capital o
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THE LALTIC rKOVIXCE*. 239approaches
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CHAPTER IV.poland (polska).Historic
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POLAND. 243successors soon lost mos
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POLAND. 245in appearance. It was ev
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'•',|',.jl"n -''
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248 RUSSIA JN EEBOrE.Like all civil
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230 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.some of the la
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25 2 KtTSSIA IN EUEOPE.In the "Wart
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254 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Few cities of
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CHAPTER V.UPPER DVINA AND NIEMEN BA
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258 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Niemen, wh
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260 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.and representi
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262 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.breathing a de
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2G4 RUSSIA IX BUEOPE.labourers rece
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266 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Jesuits was on
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CHAPTER VI.DNIEPER AND DNIESTER BAS
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'.;.270 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.on the sur
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272I1; -ssl A IN EUROPE.Water Syste
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271 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Nearly all its
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27GRUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nowhere an abso
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27KPITSSIA IN EUROPE.side of the li
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280 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Iii the coast
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2S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and beyond it t
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284 . RUSSIAIX EUROPE.Russians may
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28GRUSSIA IN EUKOPE.Topography.The
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288 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Lug, a tributa
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,;290 RUSSIA IX ETTBOEE.names corre
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292 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the ninth c
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201 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.whence thev so
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29 C RUSSIA IX EUROrE.thousands of
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298 RUSSIA IN ETJEOrE.and in the st
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800 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.provinces, and
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:v.".-'.•302 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and
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304 EUSSIA IX EUROl'E.enemies from
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306 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Fanatics are e
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308 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.was one of the
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310 RUSSIA IX ETJEOPE.rate the over
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812 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.opposite bank
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8URUSSIA IN EUEOrE.Ilaji-Bey liman,
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316 RUSSIA TX EUBOPEThe quality of
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318 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the Moldavian
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:;-nEUSSIA IN EUEOPE.oi' (lie river
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322 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.fallin g from
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324 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.jslaiddown at
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826 i;l SSIA IX EUROPE.of the same
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328 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.history is pre
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330 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.woven stuffs,
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B32RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Byzantine coins
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334 Bl SSIA IN EUEOPE.Nevertheless
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ST. PETEESBTJEG. 335On the shores o
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.;& 'i;J illVinlSii
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ST. PETERSBURG. 337including the hu
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ST. PETERSBURG. 339Palace, contains
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CHAPTER VIII.LANDS DRAINING TO THE
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 843stretching southw
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ARCTIC RUSSIA.3Urunning north-west
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 347from 40 to TO fee
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TIIK WHITE SEA. 349which it is dist
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THE SAMOYEDS. 851Russian plains sou
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ZIRYANIANS. 853or Ch tides, as the
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ONEGA. 155in the first half of the
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AKCHANGEL. :;:,7chief centre of tra
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 359frequented by the
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 363Government survey
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theCHAPTER IX.VOLGA AND URAL BASINS
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THE VOLGA. 365and rafts are then ab
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THE VOLGA DELTA.3G7narrow peninsula
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Tin: VOLGA DELTA. 369thirds of that
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TUE CASriAX SEA. 371light navigatio
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LACUSTRINE AND SALT STEPPES OF THE
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THE SOUTHERN URALS. 375their operat
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THE SOUTHERN HEALS. 877other plains
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THE GEEAT RUSSIANS. 879the spring f
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 881the subject.
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 883the mingled
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RfBINSK. 389industrial centres in X
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TYTES AM) COSTUMES IN THE GOVEKNMEK
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OROL— TULA. 391the artisan classe
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MOSCOW. 393Vitebsk and Smolensk, th
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MOSCOW. 395that " Moscow is celebra
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RIAZAN-KASIMOV. 397monastery. It is
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NIJNI-NOVGOROD. 399paint as many as
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NIJNI-NOVGOBOD. 401The district whe
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THE MORDYINIANS. 403down the Volga
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CHEREMISSIANS—CHUVASHES. 405conne
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KAZAN TATARS. 407Bulgarliks. Differ
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PENZA. 4091875. The kindred Voguls
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BOLOAE. 411history of the Russian s
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SLA.TOUST—VIATKA. 4131721. Thanks
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THE KAIMUK8. 415some Turki tribes,
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SIMBIRSK—SAMAEA. 417enthusiasm in
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DUBOVEA—SAREPTA—-TZAROV. 419the
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THE URAL COSSACKS. 421place having
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THE DON. 423been levelled by the ac
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 425basin.Since 186
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iTHE SEA OF AZOV. 427especially is
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 429the salt consum
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'THE DON COSSACKS. 431Inhabitants.
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THE DOX COSSACKS. 433families, Saxo
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VOEONEJ—KHARKOV. 435as Kozlor and
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GKUGUYEV—SLA.VANSK—SLAYANOSEBBS
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EOSTOV—AZOV-TAGANROG. 439head of
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;«,
Page 547 and 548: CHAPTER XLTHE CRIMEA.HE Crimean pen
Page 549 and 550: THE CRIMEA. 443times facilitated co
Page 551 and 552: TIIE CRIMEA. 445and according to th
Page 555 and 556: THE CRIMEA. 447a reaction which lus
Page 559 and 560: SEBASTOPOL. 449The famous siege of
Page 565 and 566: KAFFA—KERTCH. 451often commanding
Page 567 and 568: POPULATION. 453surprisingly from pr
Page 569 and 570: POPULATION. 455far inferior to that
Page 571 and 572: POPULATION. 457The Russians, as is
Page 573 and 574: AGRICULTURE. 459who are obliged to
Page 575 and 576: TEE MIE, OR COMMUNE. 461taiuly rece
Page 577 and 578: THE MIE, OE COMMUNE. 463both " vill
Page 579 and 580: MINING AND MANUFACTURES.4G5a more f
Page 581 and 582: COMMEKCE. 46775,680,000 gallons of
Page 583 and 584: RAILWAYS.4G9long. Yet, nofcwithstan
Page 585 and 586: EDUCATION. 471Education.In educatio
Page 587 and 588: GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 473s
Page 589 and 590: GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 475m
Page 591 and 592: -•>THE CHURCH—THE ARMY. 477"whi
Page 593 and 594: THE AKMY AND NAVY. 479Some of the R
Page 595 and 596: Hibrring,Aalborg,j(suburbYiborg,APP
Page 597: AITENDIX. 483EL—COMMERCE.Shipping
Page 601 and 602: APPENDIX. 487VI.—MANUFACTORIES NO
Page 603 and 604: INDEX.Aa River. Kurlfmd, 229Livonia
Page 605 and 606: INDEX.1U1Frithiof Glacier, 173Frost
Page 607 and 608: INDEX. 493Mezen, 358Gulf, 343River,
Page 609 and 610: INDEX. 495Skj&lfjanaifli6t, 34SkjSr
Page 614 and 615: ,'.J'4T"^L._,.'•;--£'in **£%^SS
Page 616: "VUNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS-URBA3 0112
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The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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