The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

a substitute. The regular forces (stipendiary and indelta) are estimated at 38,000 ;SWEDISH ARMY AND NAVY—FINANCE. 165certain cases for the means wherewith to continue their studies. The Universityjurisdiction extends for students 36 miles round Upsala.In the history of education the two Universities present the same contrast as didformerly the schools of Paris and Montpellier. The traditions of Upsala arcspiritualistic ;those of her younger sister of Lund, founded two centuries later,positivist.Several ladies are already enrolled as members of Upsala, and in a fewyears women will be able to follow the courses in both.In 1S78 an independent University was opened at Stockholm.The SwedishArmy and Navy.— Finance.The military service is still mostly organized as in the time of Charles IX.The chief element in the army consists of men enlisted for three, six, or twelve3*ears ; another part, the so-called indetta, being furnished by the owners of certainfiefs (torj)), who are bound to supply either a foot-soldier or a trooper at all times,or only in case of war, providing him with an outfit, and finding him employmentwhen not under arms. A few organized battalions are also raised by conscription.In the island of Gotland a special force of about 8,000 men is regarded as form in q-part of the active army, although not bound to serve out of the island.Thanks tothe long peace, the small number of troops, and their peaceful manner of life, theSwedish population is not exhausted, like that of so many European countries."While the average standard of height has elsewhere had to be lowered, here it isproposed to raise it, and at present it is fixed at 5 feet for the regulars, and5 feet 1 inch for the indelta.All citizens are also virtually bound to serve in the militia from twenty totwenty-five years of age without the option of purchasing exemption or supplyingthe local militia, including that of Gotland, at 20,000 ; the reserve (bevaring), 126,000.The principal Swedish forts are Waxholni and Oscar Frederiksborg, defendingthe Stockholm channels ;Kungsholmen, Drottningskar, and the other works aboutUarlskrona ; Karlsborg, on the west side of Lake Wetter, at the entrance of theGota Canal, the last-named being the central military depot of the kingdom.Themilitary school is at the castle of Karlberg, justbeyond Stockholm, where are alsosituated the engineering, artillery, and staff schools.The chief naval station is that of Karlskrona, although Stockholm also hasits arsenal, dockyards, and floating battery at the island of Skeppsholm, east ofthe central quarters. The fleet is recruited in the same way as the army, beingsupplied with men enrolled for a fixed period, besides volunteers and the indeltaservice, with the batsman furnished by the landed proprietors of the seaboard.About 400 midshipmen, admitted between the ages of fourteenand sixteen, aregrouped in two companies, and distributed amongst the vessels stationed at Karlskrona.Moreover, all the captains, lieutenants, engineers, and crews of the mercantilemarine, between the ages of twenty and thirty-five, are liable to serve intime of war. This available effective amounts to 1,000 officers and 6,000 sailors.VOL. V. N