The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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THE KAIMUK8. 415some Turki tribes, are recent arrivals in Europe. They made their appearancewest of the Emba first in 1630, and in 1636 the bulk of the immigrants removedFig. 215.Races of the Lower Volga.Scale 1 : 4,000,000.E of P 40-LofG 43"Great Russians. Little Eussians. Germans. Mordvinians. Tata__^_^___ 50 Miles.their fifty thousand tents to the western shores of the Caspian.At first they madeconstant inroads into East Russia with the return of every spring, wasting the
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pp-i'"**•••%.
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LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
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CITYUOAD.
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ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS
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MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
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2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
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4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
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6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
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8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
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110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
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12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
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14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
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1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
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18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
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•.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
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22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
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ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
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2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
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28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
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80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
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32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
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34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
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36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
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33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
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10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
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42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fo
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44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
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Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
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SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
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THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
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THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
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•COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
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COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
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COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
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ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
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CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
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nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
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,RARY
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78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
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126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
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128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
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130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
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132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
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13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
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13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
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-ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
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138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
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140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
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112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
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114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
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146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
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1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
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150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
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152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
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15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
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156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
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View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
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1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
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162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
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164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
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106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
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THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
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170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
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SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even
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SPITZBERGEN. 173vicissitudes in the
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SPITZBERGEN. 175changes of temperat
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SPITZBEKOEN. 177captured ; but Nord
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WICHE'S LAND. 179to certain unauthe
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the expedition.But from this point
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RUSSIA IN EUROPE.CHAPTER I.GENERAL
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GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 185that have b
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LAKES AND RIVERS. 187St. Petersburg
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CLIMATE. 189Climate.— Vegetation.
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* Mean temperature in degrees Fahre
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INHABITANTS. 193groups, Uralo-Fiuni
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OEIGIXES OF RUSSIA. 195fifths of th
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THE VARANGIANS. 197the Novgorod Sla
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NOVGOROD IN HEB GLORY. 199the north
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POLISH ASCENDANCY.2C1historic highw
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GROWTH OF RUSSIA. 203herself be one
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SEABOARD AND BOUNDARIES.where could
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CHAPTER II.ALTHOUGH forming part of
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GLACIALFINLAND :ACTION. 209elevatio
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FINLAND: LAKES. 211It looks as if a
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FINLAND: LAKES. 213it has retained
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FINLAND: CLIMATE. 215Climate.— Ve
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FINLAND: INHABITANTS. 217with the R
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FINLAND: TOrOGEAPHY. 219Forsby, on
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FINLAND : NATURALRESOURCES. 221of S
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FINLAND: POTOLATION. 223Industry is
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FINLAND : GOVERNMENT.225one iu twen
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CHAPTER III.THE BALTIC PROVINCES.(E
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TEE BALTIC PROVINCE*. 229drainage i
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TIIE BALTIC PROVINCES. 231and geolo
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THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 233composed t
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THE BALTIC PK0YENCE8. 235vessels, a
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THE BALTIC ITiOVlXCES. 237capital o
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THE LALTIC rKOVIXCE*. 239approaches
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CHAPTER IV.poland (polska).Historic
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POLAND. 243successors soon lost mos
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POLAND. 245in appearance. It was ev
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'•',|',.jl"n -''
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248 RUSSIA JN EEBOrE.Like all civil
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230 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.some of the la
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25 2 KtTSSIA IN EUEOPE.In the "Wart
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254 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Few cities of
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CHAPTER V.UPPER DVINA AND NIEMEN BA
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258 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Niemen, wh
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260 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.and representi
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262 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.breathing a de
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2G4 RUSSIA IX BUEOPE.labourers rece
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266 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Jesuits was on
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CHAPTER VI.DNIEPER AND DNIESTER BAS
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'.;.270 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.on the sur
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272I1; -ssl A IN EUROPE.Water Syste
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271 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Nearly all its
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27GRUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nowhere an abso
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27KPITSSIA IN EUROPE.side of the li
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280 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Iii the coast
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2S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and beyond it t
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284 . RUSSIAIX EUROPE.Russians may
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28GRUSSIA IN EUKOPE.Topography.The
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288 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Lug, a tributa
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,;290 RUSSIA IX ETTBOEE.names corre
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292 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the ninth c
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201 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.whence thev so
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29 C RUSSIA IX EUROrE.thousands of
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298 RUSSIA IN ETJEOrE.and in the st
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800 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.provinces, and
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:v.".-'.•302 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and
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304 EUSSIA IX EUROl'E.enemies from
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306 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Fanatics are e
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308 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.was one of the
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310 RUSSIA IX ETJEOPE.rate the over
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812 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.opposite bank
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8URUSSIA IN EUEOrE.Ilaji-Bey liman,
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316 RUSSIA TX EUBOPEThe quality of
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318 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the Moldavian
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:;-nEUSSIA IN EUEOPE.oi' (lie river
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322 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.fallin g from
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324 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.jslaiddown at
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826 i;l SSIA IX EUROPE.of the same
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328 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.history is pre
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330 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.woven stuffs,
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B32RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Byzantine coins
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334 Bl SSIA IN EUEOPE.Nevertheless
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ST. PETEESBTJEG. 335On the shores o
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.;& 'i;J illVinlSii
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ST. PETERSBURG. 337including the hu
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ST. PETERSBURG. 339Palace, contains
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CHAPTER VIII.LANDS DRAINING TO THE
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 843stretching southw
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ARCTIC RUSSIA.3Urunning north-west
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 347from 40 to TO fee
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TIIK WHITE SEA. 349which it is dist
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THE SAMOYEDS. 851Russian plains sou
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ZIRYANIANS. 853or Ch tides, as the
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ONEGA. 155in the first half of the
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AKCHANGEL. :;:,7chief centre of tra
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 359frequented by the
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 363Government survey
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theCHAPTER IX.VOLGA AND URAL BASINS
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THE VOLGA. 365and rafts are then ab
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THE VOLGA DELTA.3G7narrow peninsula
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Tin: VOLGA DELTA. 369thirds of that
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TUE CASriAX SEA. 371light navigatio
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LACUSTRINE AND SALT STEPPES OF THE
Page 465 and 466: THE SOUTHERN URALS. 375their operat
Page 467 and 468: THE SOUTHERN HEALS. 877other plains
Page 469 and 470: THE GEEAT RUSSIANS. 879the spring f
Page 471 and 472: THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 881the subject.
Page 473 and 474: THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 883the mingled
Page 475 and 476: RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
Page 477 and 478: RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
Page 479 and 480: RfBINSK. 389industrial centres in X
Page 481: TYTES AM) COSTUMES IN THE GOVEKNMEK
Page 485 and 486: OROL— TULA. 391the artisan classe
Page 487 and 488: MOSCOW. 393Vitebsk and Smolensk, th
Page 491 and 492: MOSCOW. 395that " Moscow is celebra
Page 493 and 494: RIAZAN-KASIMOV. 397monastery. It is
Page 497 and 498: NIJNI-NOVGOROD. 399paint as many as
Page 501 and 502: NIJNI-NOVGOBOD. 401The district whe
Page 503 and 504: THE MORDYINIANS. 403down the Volga
Page 505 and 506: CHEREMISSIANS—CHUVASHES. 405conne
Page 507 and 508: KAZAN TATARS. 407Bulgarliks. Differ
Page 509 and 510: PENZA. 4091875. The kindred Voguls
Page 511 and 512: BOLOAE. 411history of the Russian s
Page 513 and 514: SLA.TOUST—VIATKA. 4131721. Thanks
Page 518 and 519: 41GEUSSIA IN EUROPE.land, burning t
Page 520 and 521: 418 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.present it is
Page 522 and 523: 420 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Astrakhan, cap
Page 524 and 525: CHAPTER X.BASIN OF THE DON.-SEA OF
Page 526 and 527: 424 RUSSIA IN EUBOPE.connecting the
Page 528 and 529: -12(5RUSSIA IN EUROPE.which at the
Page 530 and 531: 428 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.water is salt,
Page 532 and 533: 430 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.from the Sivac
Page 534 and 535: 432 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Muscovite colo
Page 536 and 537: 434 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.the scattered
Page 538 and 539: 43GKUSSIA IN EUEOrE.attracting larg
Page 540 and 541: II438 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.the Governme
Page 542: 4 40 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.A far better
Page 545: S E V A STO PO LA
Page 548 and 549: 442 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Geological For
Page 550 and 551: 444 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.thus thrown up
Page 552: 446 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Inhabitants.Li
Page 556: 448 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.their honesty,
Page 560: 450 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.1864. But sinc
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CHAPTER XII.MATERIAL AND SOCIAL CON
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454 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Russians g
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456 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Most of the to
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WhiteLakes458 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Indu
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400 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.seed, the tota
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4G2RUSSIA IN ETJEOPE.At the same ti
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4C1RUSSIA IX EUROPE.becomes a villa
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4GGRUSSIA IN EUROPE.the tallow indu
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466 RUSSIA IN EUKOrE.2,000 Ions, th
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470 EUSSIA IN EUEOrE.it is surpasse
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472 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.science is als
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171 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.the charitable
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470 KTTSSIA IN EUROPE.the uprava, o
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478 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.war. Before 18
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480 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.to £2,000,000
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482 APPEXDIX.n.—COMMEECE.Mercanti
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484 A1TEXDIX.THE EUSSIAN EMPIEE.I.
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48GAPPENDIX.Religions in the Russia
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48SAPPENDIX.THE FT SSI AN NAVY.Balt
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490 INDEX.Brunkebergs 5s, 91Brzcnzi
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1Kranholm492 INDEX.Kara-Kalpaks, 29
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494 INDEX.Pinsk, 287Marsh, 271Poitr
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496 INDEX.Vardo, 129Varduhus, 168Va
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1%'~Mm>wmm ®Mmm^m^mSm^t:
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