The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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194 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Latin transcriptions, Ruthenians, a name now specially restricted to the LittleRussians of Austrian Galicia. The term Muscovite itself, frequently used, especiallyin a hostile sense, both west of the Niemen and south of the Balkans, is purelyconventional, and is historically incorrect even when applied to the Great Russians,already forming a compact nation before the foundation of Moscow in 1147, andespecially before the political influence of the Great Russian rulers had brought toWestern Europe a knowledge of the " kingdom of Muscovy."On the other hand, the Great Russians wiU vainly lay claim to absolute purityof blood, or to the hegemony on the ground of a pretended right of primogeniturein the Slav family. The serious aspect of the question raised by the Polishpatriots arises from the fact that the Great Russian nationality has been formedby the fusion of Slav colonists from the west and south-west with various Finnish,Mongol, and Turki tribes. The tradition preserved by Nestor mentions theRadimichi and Vatichi amongst the Slav settlers of the region which afterwardsbecame Muscovy, and, by a strange coincidence, these colonists would seem to havecome from Poland itself.Then followed the Novgorod settlers, Nestor's Sloveni,those of the Dvina, Dnieper, and Dniester ; that is to say, of White and LittleRussia. The chronicles speak of this colonisation, which is also proved by thenames of old towns in Central Muscovy, mere repetitions of Ukranian or Galiciannomenclature.However, the Muscovite ethnologists have never denied the mixedorigin of the dominant race, which to this very circumstance may be indebted forits greater vital energies.During the long struggles of which their history consists, the Slav populations,who have become the Russians of our days, absorbed many foreign elementsprecisely on account of their preponderance. They gained inch by inch on theindigenous peoples, but in doing so became mingled with them, partly assimilatingthemselves to their physical features and usages, and adopting a few of theirwords into the national speech. It is certain that the Russian type, especially inthe neighbourhood of the Finnish tribes, is distinct from that of the other Slavs,differing in a marked manner from that of the Danubian and Ulyrian branches,speaking languages of like origin. Russians are often met with the flat featuresand high cheek bones of the Finns, and the women especially have retainedtraces of miscigenation.theseIn the south other crossings have developed other types. Here the Slavscame in contact with Asiatic tribes arriving at the period of the general migrations,and then with the Mongolians and the Turki peoples commonly known asTatars. A large number of Russian noble families have sprung from Tatarand Mongol chiefs, whc accepted baptism to retain their power. The ZaporogCossacks, as well as those of the Don, the Volga, and the Ural, were in the habit ofcarrying off Tatar women in their expeditions, and so it happened that throughtheir very victories the Slavs lost the purity of their blood. In those days theyoccupied little more than one-fifth of the actual Russian territory, all the rest ofthe land belonging to the Lithuanians, to the Finns, and to vai'ious nomadand settled tribes, immigrants from the Asiatic steppes. Now they people four-
OEIGIXES OF RUSSIA. 195fifths of the empire, and have overflowed into Siherla, Turkestan, and Caucasia.But such a racial expansion could scarcely take place in the course of ninehundred years without intimate fusion hetween the new arrivals and the oldinhabitants of the land.In classic times all the lowland populations were collectively known asScythians or Sarmatians. But amongst those aborigines it is difficult now to saywho were the progenitors of the present Slavs ; that is, the " speakers," as theword is interpreted. Aided by such rare documents as the Greek historians haveleft us, Ossolinski, Shafarik, and "vTocel have traced the earliest home of the SlavsTig. 94. Distribution- of the Slats in- the Ninth Centiry.E=fP5035
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LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
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CITYUOAD.
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ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS
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MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
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2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
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4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
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6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
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8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
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110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
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12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
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14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
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1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
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18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
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•.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
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22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
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ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
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2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
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28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
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80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
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32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
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34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
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36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
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33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
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10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
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42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fo
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44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
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Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
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SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
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THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
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THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
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•COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
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COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
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COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
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ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
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CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
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nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
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,RARY
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78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
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126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
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128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
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130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
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132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
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13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
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13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
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-ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
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138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
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140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
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112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
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114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
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146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
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1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
Page 198 and 199: 150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
Page 200 and 201: 152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
Page 202 and 203: 15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
Page 204 and 205: 156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
Page 206 and 207: View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
Page 208 and 209: 1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
Page 210 and 211: 162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
Page 212 and 213: 164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
Page 214 and 215: 106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
Page 216 and 217: THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
Page 218 and 219: 170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
Page 221 and 222: SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even
Page 223 and 224: SPITZBERGEN. 173vicissitudes in the
Page 225 and 226: SPITZBERGEN. 175changes of temperat
Page 227 and 228: SPITZBEKOEN. 177captured ; but Nord
Page 229 and 230: WICHE'S LAND. 179to certain unauthe
Page 231 and 232: the expedition.But from this point
Page 237 and 238: RUSSIA IN EUROPE.CHAPTER I.GENERAL
Page 239 and 240: GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 185that have b
Page 241 and 242: LAKES AND RIVERS. 187St. Petersburg
Page 243 and 244: CLIMATE. 189Climate.— Vegetation.
Page 245 and 246: * Mean temperature in degrees Fahre
Page 247: INHABITANTS. 193groups, Uralo-Fiuni
Page 251 and 252: THE VARANGIANS. 197the Novgorod Sla
Page 253 and 254: NOVGOROD IN HEB GLORY. 199the north
Page 255 and 256: POLISH ASCENDANCY.2C1historic highw
Page 257 and 258: GROWTH OF RUSSIA. 203herself be one
Page 259 and 260: SEABOARD AND BOUNDARIES.where could
Page 261 and 262: CHAPTER II.ALTHOUGH forming part of
Page 263 and 264: GLACIALFINLAND :ACTION. 209elevatio
Page 265 and 266: FINLAND: LAKES. 211It looks as if a
Page 267 and 268: FINLAND: LAKES. 213it has retained
Page 269 and 270: FINLAND: CLIMATE. 215Climate.— Ve
Page 273 and 274: FINLAND: INHABITANTS. 217with the R
Page 275 and 276: FINLAND: TOrOGEAPHY. 219Forsby, on
Page 277 and 278: FINLAND : NATURALRESOURCES. 221of S
Page 279 and 280: FINLAND: POTOLATION. 223Industry is
Page 281 and 282: FINLAND : GOVERNMENT.225one iu twen
Page 283 and 284: CHAPTER III.THE BALTIC PROVINCES.(E
Page 285 and 286: TEE BALTIC PROVINCE*. 229drainage i
Page 287 and 288: TIIE BALTIC PROVINCES. 231and geolo
Page 289 and 290: THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 233composed t
Page 291 and 292: THE BALTIC PK0YENCE8. 235vessels, a
Page 295 and 296: THE BALTIC ITiOVlXCES. 237capital o
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THE LALTIC rKOVIXCE*. 239approaches
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CHAPTER IV.poland (polska).Historic
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POLAND. 243successors soon lost mos
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POLAND. 245in appearance. It was ev
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'•',|',.jl"n -''
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248 RUSSIA JN EEBOrE.Like all civil
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230 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.some of the la
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25 2 KtTSSIA IN EUEOPE.In the "Wart
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254 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Few cities of
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CHAPTER V.UPPER DVINA AND NIEMEN BA
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258 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Niemen, wh
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260 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.and representi
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262 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.breathing a de
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2G4 RUSSIA IX BUEOPE.labourers rece
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266 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Jesuits was on
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CHAPTER VI.DNIEPER AND DNIESTER BAS
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'.;.270 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.on the sur
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272I1; -ssl A IN EUROPE.Water Syste
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271 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Nearly all its
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27GRUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nowhere an abso
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27KPITSSIA IN EUROPE.side of the li
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280 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Iii the coast
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2S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and beyond it t
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284 . RUSSIAIX EUROPE.Russians may
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28GRUSSIA IN EUKOPE.Topography.The
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288 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Lug, a tributa
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,;290 RUSSIA IX ETTBOEE.names corre
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292 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the ninth c
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201 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.whence thev so
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29 C RUSSIA IX EUROrE.thousands of
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298 RUSSIA IN ETJEOrE.and in the st
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800 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.provinces, and
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:v.".-'.•302 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and
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304 EUSSIA IX EUROl'E.enemies from
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306 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Fanatics are e
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308 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.was one of the
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310 RUSSIA IX ETJEOPE.rate the over
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812 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.opposite bank
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8URUSSIA IN EUEOrE.Ilaji-Bey liman,
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316 RUSSIA TX EUBOPEThe quality of
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318 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the Moldavian
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:;-nEUSSIA IN EUEOPE.oi' (lie river
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322 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.fallin g from
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324 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.jslaiddown at
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826 i;l SSIA IX EUROPE.of the same
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328 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.history is pre
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330 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.woven stuffs,
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B32RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Byzantine coins
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334 Bl SSIA IN EUEOPE.Nevertheless
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ST. PETEESBTJEG. 335On the shores o
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.;& 'i;J illVinlSii
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ST. PETERSBURG. 337including the hu
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ST. PETERSBURG. 339Palace, contains
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CHAPTER VIII.LANDS DRAINING TO THE
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 843stretching southw
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ARCTIC RUSSIA.3Urunning north-west
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 347from 40 to TO fee
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TIIK WHITE SEA. 349which it is dist
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THE SAMOYEDS. 851Russian plains sou
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ZIRYANIANS. 853or Ch tides, as the
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ONEGA. 155in the first half of the
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AKCHANGEL. :;:,7chief centre of tra
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 359frequented by the
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 363Government survey
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theCHAPTER IX.VOLGA AND URAL BASINS
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THE VOLGA. 365and rafts are then ab
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THE VOLGA DELTA.3G7narrow peninsula
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Tin: VOLGA DELTA. 369thirds of that
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TUE CASriAX SEA. 371light navigatio
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LACUSTRINE AND SALT STEPPES OF THE
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THE SOUTHERN URALS. 375their operat
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THE SOUTHERN HEALS. 877other plains
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THE GEEAT RUSSIANS. 879the spring f
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 881the subject.
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 883the mingled
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RfBINSK. 389industrial centres in X
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TYTES AM) COSTUMES IN THE GOVEKNMEK
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OROL— TULA. 391the artisan classe
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MOSCOW. 393Vitebsk and Smolensk, th
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MOSCOW. 395that " Moscow is celebra
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RIAZAN-KASIMOV. 397monastery. It is
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NIJNI-NOVGOROD. 399paint as many as
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NIJNI-NOVGOBOD. 401The district whe
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THE MORDYINIANS. 403down the Volga
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CHEREMISSIANS—CHUVASHES. 405conne
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KAZAN TATARS. 407Bulgarliks. Differ
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PENZA. 4091875. The kindred Voguls
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BOLOAE. 411history of the Russian s
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SLA.TOUST—VIATKA. 4131721. Thanks
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THE KAIMUK8. 415some Turki tribes,
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SIMBIRSK—SAMAEA. 417enthusiasm in
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DUBOVEA—SAREPTA—-TZAROV. 419the
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THE URAL COSSACKS. 421place having
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THE DON. 423been levelled by the ac
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 425basin.Since 186
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iTHE SEA OF AZOV. 427especially is
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 429the salt consum
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'THE DON COSSACKS. 431Inhabitants.
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THE DOX COSSACKS. 433families, Saxo
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VOEONEJ—KHARKOV. 435as Kozlor and
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GKUGUYEV—SLA.VANSK—SLAYANOSEBBS
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EOSTOV—AZOV-TAGANROG. 439head of
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;«,
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CHAPTER XLTHE CRIMEA.HE Crimean pen
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THE CRIMEA. 443times facilitated co
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TIIE CRIMEA. 445and according to th
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THE CRIMEA. 447a reaction which lus
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SEBASTOPOL. 449The famous siege of
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KAFFA—KERTCH. 451often commanding
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POPULATION. 453surprisingly from pr
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POPULATION. 455far inferior to that
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POPULATION. 457The Russians, as is
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AGRICULTURE. 459who are obliged to
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TEE MIE, OR COMMUNE. 461taiuly rece
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THE MIE, OE COMMUNE. 463both " vill
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MINING AND MANUFACTURES.4G5a more f
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COMMEKCE. 46775,680,000 gallons of
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RAILWAYS.4G9long. Yet, nofcwithstan
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EDUCATION. 471Education.In educatio
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 473s
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 475m
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-•>THE CHURCH—THE ARMY. 477"whi
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THE AKMY AND NAVY. 479Some of the R
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Hibrring,Aalborg,j(suburbYiborg,APP
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AITENDIX. 483EL—COMMERCE.Shipping
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APPENDIX. 485Area axd Population -o
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APPENDIX. 487VI.—MANUFACTORIES NO
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INDEX.Aa River. Kurlfmd, 229Livonia
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INDEX.1U1Frithiof Glacier, 173Frost
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INDEX. 493Mezen, 358Gulf, 343River,
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INDEX. 495Skj&lfjanaifli6t, 34SkjSr
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,'.J'4T"^L._,.'•;--£'in **£%^SS
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"VUNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS-URBA3 0112
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