The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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300 RUSSIA IK EUROPE.Although frequented by fishers, and notwithstanding its proximity to themainland, the interior of Novaya Zemlya is still very imperfectly known. Ithas been visited by Liitke, Baer, Heuglin, Wilczek, and other scientificexplorers,but its systematic study is far from being comrjlete, and little has hitherto beendone beyond determining the coast-line and its total area, which is estimated atabout ''!G,430 square miles. Few of the heights have been accurately fixed, butFig. 190.View from the Matochkix Shak, Novaya Zemlya.from the summit of Wilczek Point (4,212 feet) Hofer and Wllczek noted, oneither side of the strait, several crests at least 4,000 feet high, and the meanelevation of the land seems to be about the same as that of Spitzbergen. TheMitushev Kamcn, west of AVilczekPoint, consists of protogine, like Mont Blanc,but the chief formations are schists and Devonian rocks, including some slatystrata so black that they have often been mistaken for coal. The island wasformerly supposed to be rich in minerals, particularly silver, but the special
NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 363Government survey conducted by Ludlow in 1809 failed to detect anythingbeyond a little argentiferous galena and some traces of pyrites and copper.Glaciers descend at many points to the water's edge, and they seem to haveformerly projected beyond the coast-line, for stria and polished rocks have beendetected on the islets of Rogachov Bay, south of Cape Gusinoi. Although in amore southern latitude than Spitzbergen, the mean annual temperature of NovayaZemlya is under 23° Fahr. In the Maliye Karmakuli Creek (Sfoller Bay),72° 30' N. lat, the Norwegian Captain Bjerkan, who wintered here in 1876-7,found that the glass never rose above 9° Fahr. in December, falling to — 14° Fahr.on January 2nd. Yet the yearly temperature is here somewhat higher than inthe Kara Strait, 180 miles farther south or south-east. From observations madeat various times Wild has determined the mean temperature of the Matochkin
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LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
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CITYUOAD.
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ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS
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MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
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2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
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4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
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6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
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8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
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110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
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12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
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14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
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1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
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18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
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•.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
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22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
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ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
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2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
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28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
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80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
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32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
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34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
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36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
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33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
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10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
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42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fo
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44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
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Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
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SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
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THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
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THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
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•COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
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COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
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COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
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ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
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CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
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nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
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,RARY
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78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
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126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
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128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
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130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
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132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
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13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
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13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
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-ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
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138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
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140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
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112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
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114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
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146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
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1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
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150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
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152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
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15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
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156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
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View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
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1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
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162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
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164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
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106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
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THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
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170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
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SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even
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SPITZBERGEN. 173vicissitudes in the
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SPITZBERGEN. 175changes of temperat
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SPITZBEKOEN. 177captured ; but Nord
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WICHE'S LAND. 179to certain unauthe
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the expedition.But from this point
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RUSSIA IN EUROPE.CHAPTER I.GENERAL
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GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 185that have b
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LAKES AND RIVERS. 187St. Petersburg
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CLIMATE. 189Climate.— Vegetation.
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* Mean temperature in degrees Fahre
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INHABITANTS. 193groups, Uralo-Fiuni
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OEIGIXES OF RUSSIA. 195fifths of th
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THE VARANGIANS. 197the Novgorod Sla
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NOVGOROD IN HEB GLORY. 199the north
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POLISH ASCENDANCY.2C1historic highw
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GROWTH OF RUSSIA. 203herself be one
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SEABOARD AND BOUNDARIES.where could
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CHAPTER II.ALTHOUGH forming part of
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GLACIALFINLAND :ACTION. 209elevatio
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FINLAND: LAKES. 211It looks as if a
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FINLAND: LAKES. 213it has retained
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FINLAND: CLIMATE. 215Climate.— Ve
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FINLAND: INHABITANTS. 217with the R
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FINLAND: TOrOGEAPHY. 219Forsby, on
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FINLAND : NATURALRESOURCES. 221of S
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FINLAND: POTOLATION. 223Industry is
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FINLAND : GOVERNMENT.225one iu twen
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CHAPTER III.THE BALTIC PROVINCES.(E
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TEE BALTIC PROVINCE*. 229drainage i
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TIIE BALTIC PROVINCES. 231and geolo
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THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 233composed t
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THE BALTIC PK0YENCE8. 235vessels, a
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THE BALTIC ITiOVlXCES. 237capital o
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THE LALTIC rKOVIXCE*. 239approaches
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CHAPTER IV.poland (polska).Historic
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POLAND. 243successors soon lost mos
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POLAND. 245in appearance. It was ev
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'•',|',.jl"n -''
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248 RUSSIA JN EEBOrE.Like all civil
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230 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.some of the la
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25 2 KtTSSIA IN EUEOPE.In the "Wart
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254 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Few cities of
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CHAPTER V.UPPER DVINA AND NIEMEN BA
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258 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Niemen, wh
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260 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.and representi
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262 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.breathing a de
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2G4 RUSSIA IX BUEOPE.labourers rece
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266 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Jesuits was on
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CHAPTER VI.DNIEPER AND DNIESTER BAS
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'.;.270 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.on the sur
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272I1; -ssl A IN EUROPE.Water Syste
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271 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Nearly all its
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27GRUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nowhere an abso
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27KPITSSIA IN EUROPE.side of the li
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280 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Iii the coast
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2S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and beyond it t
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284 . RUSSIAIX EUROPE.Russians may
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28GRUSSIA IN EUKOPE.Topography.The
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288 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Lug, a tributa
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,;290 RUSSIA IX ETTBOEE.names corre
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292 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the ninth c
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201 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.whence thev so
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29 C RUSSIA IX EUROrE.thousands of
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298 RUSSIA IN ETJEOrE.and in the st
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800 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.provinces, and
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:v.".-'.•302 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and
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304 EUSSIA IX EUROl'E.enemies from
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306 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Fanatics are e
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308 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.was one of the
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310 RUSSIA IX ETJEOPE.rate the over
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812 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.opposite bank
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8URUSSIA IN EUEOrE.Ilaji-Bey liman,
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316 RUSSIA TX EUBOPEThe quality of
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318 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the Moldavian
Page 398 and 399: :;-nEUSSIA IN EUEOPE.oi' (lie river
Page 400 and 401: 322 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.fallin g from
Page 402 and 403: 324 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.jslaiddown at
Page 404 and 405: 826 i;l SSIA IX EUROPE.of the same
Page 406 and 407: 328 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.history is pre
Page 408 and 409: 330 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.woven stuffs,
Page 410 and 411: B32RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Byzantine coins
Page 412: 334 Bl SSIA IN EUEOPE.Nevertheless
Page 417 and 418: ST. PETEESBTJEG. 335On the shores o
Page 419: .;& 'i;J illVinlSii
Page 423 and 424: ST. PETERSBURG. 337including the hu
Page 425 and 426: ST. PETERSBURG. 339Palace, contains
Page 427 and 428: CHAPTER VIII.LANDS DRAINING TO THE
Page 429 and 430: ARCTIC RUSSIA. 843stretching southw
Page 431 and 432: ARCTIC RUSSIA.3Urunning north-west
Page 435 and 436: ARCTIC RUSSIA. 347from 40 to TO fee
Page 437 and 438: TIIK WHITE SEA. 349which it is dist
Page 439 and 440: THE SAMOYEDS. 851Russian plains sou
Page 441 and 442: ZIRYANIANS. 853or Ch tides, as the
Page 443 and 444: ONEGA. 155in the first half of the
Page 445 and 446: AKCHANGEL. :;:,7chief centre of tra
Page 447: NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 359frequented by the
Page 451 and 452: theCHAPTER IX.VOLGA AND URAL BASINS
Page 455 and 456: THE VOLGA. 365and rafts are then ab
Page 457 and 458: THE VOLGA DELTA.3G7narrow peninsula
Page 459 and 460: Tin: VOLGA DELTA. 369thirds of that
Page 461 and 462: TUE CASriAX SEA. 371light navigatio
Page 463 and 464: LACUSTRINE AND SALT STEPPES OF THE
Page 465 and 466: THE SOUTHERN URALS. 375their operat
Page 467 and 468: THE SOUTHERN HEALS. 877other plains
Page 469 and 470: THE GEEAT RUSSIANS. 879the spring f
Page 471 and 472: THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 881the subject.
Page 473 and 474: THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 883the mingled
Page 475 and 476: RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
Page 477 and 478: RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
Page 479 and 480: RfBINSK. 389industrial centres in X
Page 481: TYTES AM) COSTUMES IN THE GOVEKNMEK
Page 485 and 486: OROL— TULA. 391the artisan classe
Page 487 and 488: MOSCOW. 393Vitebsk and Smolensk, th
Page 491 and 492: MOSCOW. 395that " Moscow is celebra
Page 493 and 494: RIAZAN-KASIMOV. 397monastery. It is
Page 497 and 498: NIJNI-NOVGOROD. 399paint as many as
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NIJNI-NOVGOBOD. 401The district whe
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THE MORDYINIANS. 403down the Volga
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CHEREMISSIANS—CHUVASHES. 405conne
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KAZAN TATARS. 407Bulgarliks. Differ
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PENZA. 4091875. The kindred Voguls
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BOLOAE. 411history of the Russian s
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SLA.TOUST—VIATKA. 4131721. Thanks
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THE KAIMUK8. 415some Turki tribes,
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SIMBIRSK—SAMAEA. 417enthusiasm in
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DUBOVEA—SAREPTA—-TZAROV. 419the
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THE URAL COSSACKS. 421place having
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THE DON. 423been levelled by the ac
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 425basin.Since 186
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iTHE SEA OF AZOV. 427especially is
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 429the salt consum
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'THE DON COSSACKS. 431Inhabitants.
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THE DOX COSSACKS. 433families, Saxo
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VOEONEJ—KHARKOV. 435as Kozlor and
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GKUGUYEV—SLA.VANSK—SLAYANOSEBBS
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EOSTOV—AZOV-TAGANROG. 439head of
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;«,
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CHAPTER XLTHE CRIMEA.HE Crimean pen
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THE CRIMEA. 443times facilitated co
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TIIE CRIMEA. 445and according to th
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THE CRIMEA. 447a reaction which lus
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SEBASTOPOL. 449The famous siege of
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KAFFA—KERTCH. 451often commanding
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POPULATION. 453surprisingly from pr
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POPULATION. 455far inferior to that
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POPULATION. 457The Russians, as is
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AGRICULTURE. 459who are obliged to
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TEE MIE, OR COMMUNE. 461taiuly rece
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THE MIE, OE COMMUNE. 463both " vill
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MINING AND MANUFACTURES.4G5a more f
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COMMEKCE. 46775,680,000 gallons of
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RAILWAYS.4G9long. Yet, nofcwithstan
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EDUCATION. 471Education.In educatio
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 473s
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 475m
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-•>THE CHURCH—THE ARMY. 477"whi
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THE AKMY AND NAVY. 479Some of the R
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Hibrring,Aalborg,j(suburbYiborg,APP
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AITENDIX. 483EL—COMMERCE.Shipping
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APPENDIX. 485Area axd Population -o
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APPENDIX. 487VI.—MANUFACTORIES NO
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INDEX.Aa River. Kurlfmd, 229Livonia
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INDEX.1U1Frithiof Glacier, 173Frost
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INDEX. 493Mezen, 358Gulf, 343River,
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INDEX. 495Skj&lfjanaifli6t, 34SkjSr
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,'.J'4T"^L._,.'•;--£'in **£%^SS
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"VUNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS-URBA3 0112
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