The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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178 THE EUROI>EAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN.anticipation of such an undertaking Russia and Sweden have already contendedfor the possession of the archipelago. A meteorological station would be here allthe more useful, inasmuch as Spitzbergen seems to occupy the point of contactbetween the American and Asiatic zones of the winds.North of Spitzbergen there is no land, at least as far as the eighty -third parallel,for Parry, who reached 82° 44' N. lat., detected no trace of islands or continentFig. S7.Smeerenberg.Scale 1 : 500,000.27 to 64 Over 54Fathoms. Fathoms.5 Miles.thence towards the pole. The desert shies, chequered by no flights of migratorybirds, and the absence of icebergs or any floating masses more than 35 or 40 feethi°-h, show that there can be no great extent of land in the direction of the pole,which several navigators have endeavoured to reach from this quarter. According
WICHE'S LAND. 179to certain unauthentieaiied traditions, some Dutch whalers, notably CornelisRoule, advanced in the last century to within 5° of the pole. But Parry wasobliged to abandon his ship in Treurenberg Bay, in a little inlet named from itHecla Cove, pushing thence northwards in small boats and sledges. But he progressedvery slowly, and at last ceased to make any way, the floating ice driftingsouthwards as he endeavoured to advance northwards. The attempt, renewed in1872 and 1873 by Nordenskjold, led to no results, owing to the rottenness of theice up to the eightieth parallel, and its extreme roughness beyond that point. OnFig. 88. Wiche's Land.Scale 1 : 3,700,000.sK-; _Sea covered with ice andopen, summer of 1S72.several occasions Captain Palander failed tohis sledges.make more than half a mile a day inIII.—'WICHE'SLAND AND GILES LAND.East of Spitzbergen the Arctic Ocean is not so free of land as in the north. Inthis direction a long chain of lofty mountains is visible on clear days some 70 or80 miles off, belonging to Wiche's Land, so named in 1617 in honour of themerchant, Richard Wiche, or Wyche, by the English whalers, who were the first tosight this island. After a lapse of two centuries and a half another Englishmanagain sighted the island in 1864, and in 1870 Heuglin and Zeil, thinking itssnowy crests lay north of the position indicated for Wiche's Land, renamed itafter their sovereign, Charles of Wiirttemberg. The Swedish explorers had, intheir turn, named one of its mountains, seen by them, " Swedish Headland," so that
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LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
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CITYUOAD.
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ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS
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MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
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2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
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4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
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6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
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8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
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110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
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12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
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14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
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1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
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18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
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•.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
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22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
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ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
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2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
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28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
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80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
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32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
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34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
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36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
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33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
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10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
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42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fo
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44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
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Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
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SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
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THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
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THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
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•COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
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COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
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COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
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ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
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CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
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nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
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,RARY
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78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
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126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
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128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
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130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
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132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
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13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
Page 178: 13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
Page 181: -ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
Page 184: 138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
Page 188 and 189: 140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
Page 190 and 191: 112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
Page 192 and 193: 114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
Page 194 and 195: 146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
Page 196 and 197: 1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
Page 198 and 199: 150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
Page 200 and 201: 152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
Page 202 and 203: 15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
Page 204 and 205: 156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
Page 206 and 207: View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
Page 208 and 209: 1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
Page 210 and 211: 162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
Page 212 and 213: 164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
Page 214 and 215: 106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
Page 216 and 217: THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
Page 218 and 219: 170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
Page 221 and 222: SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even
Page 223 and 224: SPITZBERGEN. 173vicissitudes in the
Page 225 and 226: SPITZBERGEN. 175changes of temperat
Page 227: SPITZBEKOEN. 177captured ; but Nord
Page 231 and 232: the expedition.But from this point
Page 237 and 238: RUSSIA IN EUROPE.CHAPTER I.GENERAL
Page 239 and 240: GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 185that have b
Page 241 and 242: LAKES AND RIVERS. 187St. Petersburg
Page 243 and 244: CLIMATE. 189Climate.— Vegetation.
Page 245 and 246: * Mean temperature in degrees Fahre
Page 247 and 248: INHABITANTS. 193groups, Uralo-Fiuni
Page 249 and 250: OEIGIXES OF RUSSIA. 195fifths of th
Page 251 and 252: THE VARANGIANS. 197the Novgorod Sla
Page 253 and 254: NOVGOROD IN HEB GLORY. 199the north
Page 255 and 256: POLISH ASCENDANCY.2C1historic highw
Page 257 and 258: GROWTH OF RUSSIA. 203herself be one
Page 259 and 260: SEABOARD AND BOUNDARIES.where could
Page 261 and 262: CHAPTER II.ALTHOUGH forming part of
Page 263 and 264: GLACIALFINLAND :ACTION. 209elevatio
Page 265 and 266: FINLAND: LAKES. 211It looks as if a
Page 267 and 268: FINLAND: LAKES. 213it has retained
Page 269 and 270: FINLAND: CLIMATE. 215Climate.— Ve
Page 273 and 274: FINLAND: INHABITANTS. 217with the R
Page 275 and 276: FINLAND: TOrOGEAPHY. 219Forsby, on
Page 277 and 278: FINLAND : NATURALRESOURCES. 221of S
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FINLAND: POTOLATION. 223Industry is
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FINLAND : GOVERNMENT.225one iu twen
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CHAPTER III.THE BALTIC PROVINCES.(E
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TEE BALTIC PROVINCE*. 229drainage i
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TIIE BALTIC PROVINCES. 231and geolo
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THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 233composed t
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THE BALTIC PK0YENCE8. 235vessels, a
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THE BALTIC ITiOVlXCES. 237capital o
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THE LALTIC rKOVIXCE*. 239approaches
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CHAPTER IV.poland (polska).Historic
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POLAND. 243successors soon lost mos
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POLAND. 245in appearance. It was ev
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'•',|',.jl"n -''
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248 RUSSIA JN EEBOrE.Like all civil
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230 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.some of the la
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25 2 KtTSSIA IN EUEOPE.In the "Wart
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254 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Few cities of
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CHAPTER V.UPPER DVINA AND NIEMEN BA
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258 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Niemen, wh
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260 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.and representi
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262 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.breathing a de
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2G4 RUSSIA IX BUEOPE.labourers rece
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266 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Jesuits was on
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CHAPTER VI.DNIEPER AND DNIESTER BAS
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'.;.270 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.on the sur
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272I1; -ssl A IN EUROPE.Water Syste
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271 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Nearly all its
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27GRUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nowhere an abso
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27KPITSSIA IN EUROPE.side of the li
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280 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Iii the coast
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2S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and beyond it t
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284 . RUSSIAIX EUROPE.Russians may
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28GRUSSIA IN EUKOPE.Topography.The
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288 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Lug, a tributa
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,;290 RUSSIA IX ETTBOEE.names corre
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292 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the ninth c
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201 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.whence thev so
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29 C RUSSIA IX EUROrE.thousands of
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298 RUSSIA IN ETJEOrE.and in the st
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800 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.provinces, and
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:v.".-'.•302 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and
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304 EUSSIA IX EUROl'E.enemies from
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306 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Fanatics are e
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308 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.was one of the
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310 RUSSIA IX ETJEOPE.rate the over
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812 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.opposite bank
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8URUSSIA IN EUEOrE.Ilaji-Bey liman,
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316 RUSSIA TX EUBOPEThe quality of
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318 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the Moldavian
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:;-nEUSSIA IN EUEOPE.oi' (lie river
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322 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.fallin g from
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324 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.jslaiddown at
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826 i;l SSIA IX EUROPE.of the same
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328 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.history is pre
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330 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.woven stuffs,
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B32RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Byzantine coins
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334 Bl SSIA IN EUEOPE.Nevertheless
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ST. PETEESBTJEG. 335On the shores o
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.;& 'i;J illVinlSii
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ST. PETERSBURG. 337including the hu
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ST. PETERSBURG. 339Palace, contains
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CHAPTER VIII.LANDS DRAINING TO THE
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 843stretching southw
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ARCTIC RUSSIA.3Urunning north-west
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 347from 40 to TO fee
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TIIK WHITE SEA. 349which it is dist
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THE SAMOYEDS. 851Russian plains sou
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ZIRYANIANS. 853or Ch tides, as the
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ONEGA. 155in the first half of the
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AKCHANGEL. :;:,7chief centre of tra
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 359frequented by the
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 363Government survey
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theCHAPTER IX.VOLGA AND URAL BASINS
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THE VOLGA. 365and rafts are then ab
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THE VOLGA DELTA.3G7narrow peninsula
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Tin: VOLGA DELTA. 369thirds of that
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TUE CASriAX SEA. 371light navigatio
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LACUSTRINE AND SALT STEPPES OF THE
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THE SOUTHERN URALS. 375their operat
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THE SOUTHERN HEALS. 877other plains
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THE GEEAT RUSSIANS. 879the spring f
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 881the subject.
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 883the mingled
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RfBINSK. 389industrial centres in X
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TYTES AM) COSTUMES IN THE GOVEKNMEK
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OROL— TULA. 391the artisan classe
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MOSCOW. 393Vitebsk and Smolensk, th
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MOSCOW. 395that " Moscow is celebra
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RIAZAN-KASIMOV. 397monastery. It is
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NIJNI-NOVGOROD. 399paint as many as
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NIJNI-NOVGOBOD. 401The district whe
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THE MORDYINIANS. 403down the Volga
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CHEREMISSIANS—CHUVASHES. 405conne
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KAZAN TATARS. 407Bulgarliks. Differ
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PENZA. 4091875. The kindred Voguls
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BOLOAE. 411history of the Russian s
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SLA.TOUST—VIATKA. 4131721. Thanks
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THE KAIMUK8. 415some Turki tribes,
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SIMBIRSK—SAMAEA. 417enthusiasm in
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DUBOVEA—SAREPTA—-TZAROV. 419the
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THE URAL COSSACKS. 421place having
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THE DON. 423been levelled by the ac
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 425basin.Since 186
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iTHE SEA OF AZOV. 427especially is
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 429the salt consum
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'THE DON COSSACKS. 431Inhabitants.
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THE DOX COSSACKS. 433families, Saxo
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VOEONEJ—KHARKOV. 435as Kozlor and
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GKUGUYEV—SLA.VANSK—SLAYANOSEBBS
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EOSTOV—AZOV-TAGANROG. 439head of
Page 544 and 545:
;«,
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CHAPTER XLTHE CRIMEA.HE Crimean pen
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THE CRIMEA. 443times facilitated co
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TIIE CRIMEA. 445and according to th
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THE CRIMEA. 447a reaction which lus
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SEBASTOPOL. 449The famous siege of
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KAFFA—KERTCH. 451often commanding
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POPULATION. 453surprisingly from pr
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POPULATION. 455far inferior to that
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POPULATION. 457The Russians, as is
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AGRICULTURE. 459who are obliged to
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TEE MIE, OR COMMUNE. 461taiuly rece
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THE MIE, OE COMMUNE. 463both " vill
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MINING AND MANUFACTURES.4G5a more f
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COMMEKCE. 46775,680,000 gallons of
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RAILWAYS.4G9long. Yet, nofcwithstan
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EDUCATION. 471Education.In educatio
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 473s
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 475m
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-•>THE CHURCH—THE ARMY. 477"whi
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THE AKMY AND NAVY. 479Some of the R
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Hibrring,Aalborg,j(suburbYiborg,APP
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AITENDIX. 483EL—COMMERCE.Shipping
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APPENDIX. 485Area axd Population -o
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APPENDIX. 487VI.—MANUFACTORIES NO
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INDEX.Aa River. Kurlfmd, 229Livonia
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INDEX.1U1Frithiof Glacier, 173Frost
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INDEX. 493Mezen, 358Gulf, 343River,
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INDEX. 495Skj&lfjanaifli6t, 34SkjSr
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,'.J'4T"^L._,.'•;--£'in **£%^SS
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"VUNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS-URBA3 0112
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