The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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318 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the Moldavian Bessarabia, with some populous towns in the Truth and LowerDanuhe basins. The Rumanian town of Frumosa, or Kahulu (in Russian Kagiil)lies near the Truth, while the industrious Bulgarian settlement of Bolgrad standsat the northern extremity of a Danubian liman. On the Danube itself the centreFig. 16S.Akkekm.vn and the Dniester Liman.Scale 1 : 400,000.£ of P.of population is the double town of Ismail and Tuchkov, famous in the history ofDanubian warfare. Although situated on the Kilia, or least-frequented branchof the delta, Tuchkov does a considerable trade in wheat and other agriculturalproduce, exporting in a single year as much as 4,800,000 bushels of corn. Ec/iiaboye, and Kilia and Yilhoc below Tuchkov are ports of far less importance.
CHAPTER VII.REGION OF THE GREAT LAKES.(Ikgkia And Karelia, Novgorod axd St. Petersburg.)HE earliest Russian state known to history had arisen in the Dnieperbasin under the fostering influence of Mediterranean civilisation ;another was destined to grow up in the north-western region, facingthe Baltic Slavs, the Scandinavians, and the Germans. Kiev, rallying-pointof the southern populations, found its counterpart inNovgorod, the northern centre of trade and culture, and also lying on " the roadof the Greeks to the Varangians." The region surrounding it and stretchingnorthwards to the great lakes is not wholly included in Slavdom proper. Butalthough the Narova, Volkhov, and Neva basins form ethnically and historicallya land of transition between the Eastern Slavs and the various Finnish groups,this district possesses so much importance geographically that the Russiansnaturally sought at all times to establish commercial relations with itsinhabitants.They have at last even fixed their capital here, selecting for the purpose a sitelying almost beyond the mainland, and surrounded by non-Slav populations.Stillthe great city at the mouth of the Neva has hitherto failed to attract settlersto the neighbouring tracts, and the bleak lands encompassing it have remainedalmost uninhabited, when compared with more favoured climes.Physical Features.— Lakes Peipus and Ilmen.Including the whole of Lake Ladoga, of which a portion belongs officially toFinland, the great lacustrine region is covered with water to the extent of 16,000square miles. Unlike certain parts of Sweden and Finland, the land does not hereform a labyrinth of winding channels, its waters being concentrated in the verylargest lakes in Russia next to the Caspian. The three main bodies of fresh waterdraining through the Narova and the Neva to the Gulf of Finland are moreextensive than all the other basins of the empire taken collectively, and Ladogaalone exceeds in size and volume all the lacustrine reservoirs of Scandinavia or theAlps. This superabundance of still waters is due to the general level of the land,which is such that slightly elevated rocky ledges have sufficed to arrest the course
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LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
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CITYUOAD.
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ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS
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MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
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2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
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4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
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6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
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8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
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110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
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12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
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14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
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1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
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18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
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•.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
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22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
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ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
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2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
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28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
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80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
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32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
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34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
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36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
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33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
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10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
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42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fo
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44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
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Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
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SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
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THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
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THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
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•COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
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COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
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COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
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ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
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CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
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nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
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,RARY
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78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
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126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
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128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
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130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
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132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
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13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
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13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
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-ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
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138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
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140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
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112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
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114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
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146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
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1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
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150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
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152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
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15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
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156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
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View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
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1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
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162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
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164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
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106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
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THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
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170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
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SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even
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SPITZBERGEN. 173vicissitudes in the
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SPITZBERGEN. 175changes of temperat
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SPITZBEKOEN. 177captured ; but Nord
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WICHE'S LAND. 179to certain unauthe
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the expedition.But from this point
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RUSSIA IN EUROPE.CHAPTER I.GENERAL
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GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 185that have b
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LAKES AND RIVERS. 187St. Petersburg
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CLIMATE. 189Climate.— Vegetation.
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* Mean temperature in degrees Fahre
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INHABITANTS. 193groups, Uralo-Fiuni
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OEIGIXES OF RUSSIA. 195fifths of th
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THE VARANGIANS. 197the Novgorod Sla
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NOVGOROD IN HEB GLORY. 199the north
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POLISH ASCENDANCY.2C1historic highw
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GROWTH OF RUSSIA. 203herself be one
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SEABOARD AND BOUNDARIES.where could
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CHAPTER II.ALTHOUGH forming part of
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GLACIALFINLAND :ACTION. 209elevatio
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FINLAND: LAKES. 211It looks as if a
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FINLAND: LAKES. 213it has retained
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FINLAND: CLIMATE. 215Climate.— Ve
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FINLAND: INHABITANTS. 217with the R
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FINLAND: TOrOGEAPHY. 219Forsby, on
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FINLAND : NATURALRESOURCES. 221of S
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FINLAND: POTOLATION. 223Industry is
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FINLAND : GOVERNMENT.225one iu twen
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CHAPTER III.THE BALTIC PROVINCES.(E
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TEE BALTIC PROVINCE*. 229drainage i
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TIIE BALTIC PROVINCES. 231and geolo
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THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 233composed t
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THE BALTIC PK0YENCE8. 235vessels, a
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THE BALTIC ITiOVlXCES. 237capital o
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THE LALTIC rKOVIXCE*. 239approaches
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CHAPTER IV.poland (polska).Historic
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POLAND. 243successors soon lost mos
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POLAND. 245in appearance. It was ev
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'•',|',.jl"n -''
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248 RUSSIA JN EEBOrE.Like all civil
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230 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.some of the la
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25 2 KtTSSIA IN EUEOPE.In the "Wart
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254 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Few cities of
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CHAPTER V.UPPER DVINA AND NIEMEN BA
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258 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Niemen, wh
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260 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.and representi
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262 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.breathing a de
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2G4 RUSSIA IX BUEOPE.labourers rece
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266 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Jesuits was on
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CHAPTER VI.DNIEPER AND DNIESTER BAS
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'.;.270 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.on the sur
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272I1; -ssl A IN EUROPE.Water Syste
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271 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Nearly all its
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27GRUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nowhere an abso
Page 346 and 347: 27KPITSSIA IN EUROPE.side of the li
Page 348 and 349: 280 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Iii the coast
Page 350 and 351: 2S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and beyond it t
Page 352 and 353: 284 . RUSSIAIX EUROPE.Russians may
Page 354 and 355: 28GRUSSIA IN EUKOPE.Topography.The
Page 356 and 357: 288 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Lug, a tributa
Page 358 and 359: ,;290 RUSSIA IX ETTBOEE.names corre
Page 360: 292 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the ninth c
Page 364: 201 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.whence thev so
Page 368 and 369: 29 C RUSSIA IX EUROrE.thousands of
Page 370 and 371: 298 RUSSIA IN ETJEOrE.and in the st
Page 372 and 373: 800 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.provinces, and
Page 374 and 375: :v.".-'.•302 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and
Page 376: 304 EUSSIA IX EUROl'E.enemies from
Page 380 and 381: 306 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Fanatics are e
Page 382 and 383: 308 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.was one of the
Page 384 and 385: 310 RUSSIA IX ETJEOPE.rate the over
Page 386 and 387: 812 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.opposite bank
Page 388: 8URUSSIA IN EUEOrE.Ilaji-Bey liman,
Page 392: 316 RUSSIA TX EUBOPEThe quality of
Page 398 and 399: :;-nEUSSIA IN EUEOPE.oi' (lie river
Page 400 and 401: 322 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.fallin g from
Page 402 and 403: 324 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.jslaiddown at
Page 404 and 405: 826 i;l SSIA IX EUROPE.of the same
Page 406 and 407: 328 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.history is pre
Page 408 and 409: 330 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.woven stuffs,
Page 410 and 411: B32RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Byzantine coins
Page 412: 334 Bl SSIA IN EUEOPE.Nevertheless
Page 417 and 418: ST. PETEESBTJEG. 335On the shores o
Page 419: .;& 'i;J illVinlSii
Page 423 and 424: ST. PETERSBURG. 337including the hu
Page 425 and 426: ST. PETERSBURG. 339Palace, contains
Page 427 and 428: CHAPTER VIII.LANDS DRAINING TO THE
Page 429 and 430: ARCTIC RUSSIA. 843stretching southw
Page 431 and 432: ARCTIC RUSSIA.3Urunning north-west
Page 435 and 436: ARCTIC RUSSIA. 347from 40 to TO fee
Page 437 and 438: TIIK WHITE SEA. 349which it is dist
Page 439 and 440: THE SAMOYEDS. 851Russian plains sou
Page 441 and 442: ZIRYANIANS. 853or Ch tides, as the
Page 443 and 444: ONEGA. 155in the first half of the
Page 445 and 446: AKCHANGEL. :;:,7chief centre of tra
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 359frequented by the
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 363Government survey
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theCHAPTER IX.VOLGA AND URAL BASINS
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THE VOLGA. 365and rafts are then ab
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THE VOLGA DELTA.3G7narrow peninsula
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Tin: VOLGA DELTA. 369thirds of that
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TUE CASriAX SEA. 371light navigatio
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LACUSTRINE AND SALT STEPPES OF THE
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THE SOUTHERN URALS. 375their operat
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THE SOUTHERN HEALS. 877other plains
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THE GEEAT RUSSIANS. 879the spring f
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 881the subject.
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 883the mingled
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RfBINSK. 389industrial centres in X
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TYTES AM) COSTUMES IN THE GOVEKNMEK
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OROL— TULA. 391the artisan classe
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MOSCOW. 393Vitebsk and Smolensk, th
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MOSCOW. 395that " Moscow is celebra
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RIAZAN-KASIMOV. 397monastery. It is
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NIJNI-NOVGOROD. 399paint as many as
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NIJNI-NOVGOBOD. 401The district whe
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THE MORDYINIANS. 403down the Volga
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CHEREMISSIANS—CHUVASHES. 405conne
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KAZAN TATARS. 407Bulgarliks. Differ
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PENZA. 4091875. The kindred Voguls
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BOLOAE. 411history of the Russian s
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SLA.TOUST—VIATKA. 4131721. Thanks
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THE KAIMUK8. 415some Turki tribes,
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SIMBIRSK—SAMAEA. 417enthusiasm in
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DUBOVEA—SAREPTA—-TZAROV. 419the
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THE URAL COSSACKS. 421place having
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THE DON. 423been levelled by the ac
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 425basin.Since 186
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iTHE SEA OF AZOV. 427especially is
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 429the salt consum
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'THE DON COSSACKS. 431Inhabitants.
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THE DOX COSSACKS. 433families, Saxo
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VOEONEJ—KHARKOV. 435as Kozlor and
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GKUGUYEV—SLA.VANSK—SLAYANOSEBBS
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EOSTOV—AZOV-TAGANROG. 439head of
Page 544 and 545:
;«,
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CHAPTER XLTHE CRIMEA.HE Crimean pen
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THE CRIMEA. 443times facilitated co
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TIIE CRIMEA. 445and according to th
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THE CRIMEA. 447a reaction which lus
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SEBASTOPOL. 449The famous siege of
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KAFFA—KERTCH. 451often commanding
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POPULATION. 453surprisingly from pr
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POPULATION. 455far inferior to that
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POPULATION. 457The Russians, as is
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AGRICULTURE. 459who are obliged to
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TEE MIE, OR COMMUNE. 461taiuly rece
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THE MIE, OE COMMUNE. 463both " vill
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MINING AND MANUFACTURES.4G5a more f
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COMMEKCE. 46775,680,000 gallons of
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RAILWAYS.4G9long. Yet, nofcwithstan
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EDUCATION. 471Education.In educatio
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 473s
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 475m
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-•>THE CHURCH—THE ARMY. 477"whi
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THE AKMY AND NAVY. 479Some of the R
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Hibrring,Aalborg,j(suburbYiborg,APP
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AITENDIX. 483EL—COMMERCE.Shipping
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APPENDIX. 485Area axd Population -o
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APPENDIX. 487VI.—MANUFACTORIES NO
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INDEX.Aa River. Kurlfmd, 229Livonia
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INDEX.1U1Frithiof Glacier, 173Frost
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INDEX. 493Mezen, 358Gulf, 343River,
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INDEX. 495Skj&lfjanaifli6t, 34SkjSr
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,'.J'4T"^L._,.'•;--£'in **£%^SS
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"VUNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS-URBA3 0112
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