The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT.THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.no.** or-1. Temperature of the Sea during the Summerof 18G8 in Fahrenheit Degrees . 52. Isothermal Lines of the North-East Atlanticin July 63. Isothermal Lines, North-East Atlantic, inJanuary ...... 74. Temperature of the Ocean West of Rockall 95. Fall of Temperature in the Lower Depthsof the Atlantic, West of Ireland . . 106. Fall of the Temperature in the Warm andCold Waters 11Temperature of the Waters oq either S:de7.of the Farijer Bank . . . .128. Zone of the Cold Waters in the NorthAtlantic 139. Norwegian Coast: View of Tuosdhjem lo10. Depths of the Baltic 20ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.11. The Faroer Islands 2512. Quicksands of the Skaptar-Jokull . . 3013. Nyoe and Reykjanes .. . .3114. Al,MAXNAGJ.{ 3515. North-West Peninsula of Iceland . 3616. The Markarfljot Delta .... 3717. Reykjavik 4318. Jan Mayen 44SCANDINAVIA.Hills west of Asvig Bay .The Himmelbjeko ....From Ringkjobing to Agger before 1863Fyen and the Southern IslesSjalland and the Southern IslesBornholm .....Helligdommen Rocks, North Coast,BornholmThe SkawVejle BayCopenhagenKkonborg Castle, from the SoundKorsorRelative Number of Live Stock in thEuropean States .Danish Railway SystemIsland of MageroProfile of the Scandinavian HighlandsKullen HeadlandTablelands and Highland,way .Tub Fj.ekln-fiord .Archipelago of Islets inof South Northe NorwegianSkjargaard .Oland and Kalmar SoundQuadrangular Masses in South Norwayseparated by Fissures .Dramms-fiord and Sverdviken ChannelSilted Fiords north of the NazeThe llalleborg and Hunneborg HillsCliristiania and its IslandsIslands in the Gulf of ChristianAsar in the Dal River BasinLakes Wener and WetterLake Malar ....Glacial Scorings in South NorwayLakes in South Norway .The Telemark LakesThe Tyri-fiord ....Isothermal Lines for the Year .Thermic Isabnormals for the YearDifference of Temperature betweenPAfiEmer and Winter .OsKARSBOKG : VlKW TAKEN FROM KuON107109110StoUE-HOUSES IN THE HlTTERDAL .The Finns and Lapps in Scandinavia 116The Lower Glommen, Sarpsborg, andFrederiksstad122124Drammen and its Fiord .HlTTERDAL CHURCH .125Kragero and Jomiruland .126Bergen ....127TrondhjemGoleborg and the Lower GotaLandskrona128131132Falsterbo and Stan or134Norrl;oping and Fiuspang135Upsala ....13SCathedral of UpsalaCourse of the Arboga139141House of Gustavus Yasa142Density of the Scandinavian Population in1872 ....Relative Proportion of Arable Lands inNorway, Sweden, and Denmark . 146Fisheries of Vest-fiord149Stavanger-fiord .... 153Table of Relative Tonnage in 1877 . 154Gota, or Gotland Canal155The Scandinavian Railway Systems . 156Gotedorg : View taken from the Botanic Garden .... 158VardoIG1Karlskrona ..... 16687100101105106THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTICOCEAN.S3. Spitzbergen Archipelago . . . .17184. Spitzbergen Ice-fields in 1S6U . . .17385. " Recherche " Bay in 1839 . . .17486. Foul Bay, Spitzbergen . . . .17687. Smeerenbcrg . . . . ... 178SS. Wiehe's Land .17989. Franz-Joseph Land 181RUSSIA IN EUROPE.00. View in the Dnieper Steppes91, Rainfall in East Europe .185188
.237LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.92. Lines of Mean Summer and Winter Tern- 144. The Dubno Deflle288perature in Russia 189 145. Historical Displacements of Ukrania 28993. Russian Isothermals .... 190 146. Little Russian Type, Podolia : Peasant94. Distribution of the Slavs in the Ninth Century195 147. Kurgans at Podgorodskoye, near Ye-of the Village of Panovtzi .95. ClIORNA MoGILA. KuRGAN, NEAR ClIERnigov196 148. Khortitzakaterinoslav . . . . . 29296. Kurgans of Chernigov .... ...... 293197 149. Rumanian of Podolia .... 29797. Kiev: The Golden Gate . . .199 150. Proportion of Roman Catholics in98. Displacement of the Centres of Slav Power 20Volhynia, Podolia, and Kiev29899. Growth of the Russian Empire . . 203 151. Ethnical Elements in South- West Russia 299100. Parallelism of the Streams flowing to the 152. Jews in Volhynia, Podolia, and KievGulf of Bothnia . . . .208 153. Berdichev and Jitomir ....101. Parallelism of the Finnish Lakes and 154. Limits of the Region of Forests and BarePeat Beds2C9Plateaux ...... 302102. The Punga-harju 210 155. Bransk303103. Hiiytiainen Drainage Works . . . 212 156. A Kiev Pilgrim304104. Lake Hbytiainen 213 157. Kiev, or Kiyev 305105. Aland Islands 214 158. Pereyaslav ...... 307106. Helsingfors 220 159. The Tasmin Marsh308107. Wihorg and its Fiord . . . .222 160. Kremenchug ...... 309108. Ny-Slott 223 161. Poltava310109. The Sai'ma Canal 225 162. Nikopol, Pokrovskoye, and Kapulovka . 311110. Parallel HiUs of Dorpat . . . .229 163. The Lower Inguletz .... 312111. Shifting Delta of the Dvina and Aa Rivers 230 164. Kherson and the Lower Dnieper313112. Esthonian Islands 231 165. Ochakov and Kinburn 314113. Revel and Neighbourhood . 166. Odessa ....... 315114. Riga 239 167. Khotin, Kamenetz, and Ravines of the115. Libau 240Upper Dniester316116. Shifting of the Polish State East and 168. Akkerman and the Dniester Liman 318West 243 169. Tuckkov ...... 320117. The LysaGora Range . . . .246 170. Lakes and Marshes between the Volkhovand Dvina Basins .... 321118. Movement of the Polish Population from1816 to 1876 250 I119. Warsaw 253 !120. Lands of the Lithuanians, and of the IPrincipality of Lithuania . . . 257Bisons of the Bela-Veja Forest . £58171.172.173.138. Granite Ravines West of the Dnieper . 280 191.139. Limans in the East of Bessarabia . . 281 192.140. TheLimanof Tiligul . 282 193.141. Ruins of the Castle of Ostroo . 285 194.142. Smolensk 286 195.143. Borisov and the Berezina . . .287 196.Lake Peipus ......The Luga and Narova Rivers .Lake Onega ......Stria; and Asar ahout Lake SogLadoga .......Lake Ilmen, Novgorod, and StarayaRusa.... ...The Matochkin Shar Channel .Sources of the Volga and DvinaTrembling Forests near Nijni-Novgorod .Steep Banks of the Middle Volga .The Volga and AkhtubaEast Manieh and Lower Kuma Rivera322323324325360361365366367368371
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Page 7: LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
Page 10 and 11: CITYUOAD.
Page 12: ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
Page 20 and 21: MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
Page 22 and 23: 2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
Page 24 and 25: 4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
Page 26 and 27: 6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
Page 28 and 29: 8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
Page 30 and 31: 110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
Page 32 and 33: 12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
Page 34 and 35: 14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
Page 36 and 37: 1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
Page 38 and 39: 18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
Page 40 and 41: •.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
Page 42 and 43: 22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
Page 44 and 45: ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
Page 46 and 47: 2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
Page 48 and 49: 28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
Page 50 and 51: 80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
Page 52 and 53: 32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
Page 54 and 55: 34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
Page 56 and 57: 36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
Page 58 and 59: 33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
Page 60 and 61: 10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
Page 62 and 63: 42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fo
Page 64 and 65: 44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
Page 66: Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
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SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
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THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
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THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
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•COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
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COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
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COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
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ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
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CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
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nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
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,RARY
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78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
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126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
Page 170 and 171:
128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
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130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
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132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
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13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
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13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
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-ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
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138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
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140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
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112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
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114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
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146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
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1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
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150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
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152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
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15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
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156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
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View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
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1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
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162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
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164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
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106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
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THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
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170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
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SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even
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SPITZBERGEN. 173vicissitudes in the
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SPITZBERGEN. 175changes of temperat
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SPITZBEKOEN. 177captured ; but Nord
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WICHE'S LAND. 179to certain unauthe
Page 231 and 232:
the expedition.But from this point
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RUSSIA IN EUROPE.CHAPTER I.GENERAL
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GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 185that have b
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LAKES AND RIVERS. 187St. Petersburg
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CLIMATE. 189Climate.— Vegetation.
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* Mean temperature in degrees Fahre
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INHABITANTS. 193groups, Uralo-Fiuni
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OEIGIXES OF RUSSIA. 195fifths of th
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THE VARANGIANS. 197the Novgorod Sla
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NOVGOROD IN HEB GLORY. 199the north
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POLISH ASCENDANCY.2C1historic highw
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GROWTH OF RUSSIA. 203herself be one
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SEABOARD AND BOUNDARIES.where could
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CHAPTER II.ALTHOUGH forming part of
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GLACIALFINLAND :ACTION. 209elevatio
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FINLAND: LAKES. 211It looks as if a
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FINLAND: LAKES. 213it has retained
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FINLAND: CLIMATE. 215Climate.— Ve
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FINLAND: INHABITANTS. 217with the R
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FINLAND: TOrOGEAPHY. 219Forsby, on
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FINLAND : NATURALRESOURCES. 221of S
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FINLAND: POTOLATION. 223Industry is
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FINLAND : GOVERNMENT.225one iu twen
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CHAPTER III.THE BALTIC PROVINCES.(E
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TEE BALTIC PROVINCE*. 229drainage i
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TIIE BALTIC PROVINCES. 231and geolo
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THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 233composed t
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THE BALTIC PK0YENCE8. 235vessels, a
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THE BALTIC ITiOVlXCES. 237capital o
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THE LALTIC rKOVIXCE*. 239approaches
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CHAPTER IV.poland (polska).Historic
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POLAND. 243successors soon lost mos
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POLAND. 245in appearance. It was ev
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'•',|',.jl"n -''
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248 RUSSIA JN EEBOrE.Like all civil
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230 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.some of the la
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25 2 KtTSSIA IN EUEOPE.In the "Wart
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254 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Few cities of
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CHAPTER V.UPPER DVINA AND NIEMEN BA
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258 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Niemen, wh
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260 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.and representi
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262 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.breathing a de
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2G4 RUSSIA IX BUEOPE.labourers rece
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266 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Jesuits was on
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CHAPTER VI.DNIEPER AND DNIESTER BAS
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'.;.270 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.on the sur
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272I1; -ssl A IN EUROPE.Water Syste
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271 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Nearly all its
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27GRUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nowhere an abso
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27KPITSSIA IN EUROPE.side of the li
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280 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Iii the coast
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2S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and beyond it t
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284 . RUSSIAIX EUROPE.Russians may
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28GRUSSIA IN EUKOPE.Topography.The
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288 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Lug, a tributa
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,;290 RUSSIA IX ETTBOEE.names corre
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292 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the ninth c
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201 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.whence thev so
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29 C RUSSIA IX EUROrE.thousands of
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298 RUSSIA IN ETJEOrE.and in the st
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800 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.provinces, and
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:v.".-'.•302 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and
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304 EUSSIA IX EUROl'E.enemies from
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306 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Fanatics are e
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308 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.was one of the
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310 RUSSIA IX ETJEOPE.rate the over
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812 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.opposite bank
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8URUSSIA IN EUEOrE.Ilaji-Bey liman,
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316 RUSSIA TX EUBOPEThe quality of
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318 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the Moldavian
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:;-nEUSSIA IN EUEOPE.oi' (lie river
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322 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.fallin g from
Page 402 and 403:
324 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.jslaiddown at
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826 i;l SSIA IX EUROPE.of the same
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328 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.history is pre
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330 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.woven stuffs,
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B32RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Byzantine coins
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334 Bl SSIA IN EUEOPE.Nevertheless
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ST. PETEESBTJEG. 335On the shores o
Page 419:
.;& 'i;J illVinlSii
Page 423 and 424:
ST. PETERSBURG. 337including the hu
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ST. PETERSBURG. 339Palace, contains
Page 427 and 428:
CHAPTER VIII.LANDS DRAINING TO THE
Page 429 and 430:
ARCTIC RUSSIA. 843stretching southw
Page 431 and 432:
ARCTIC RUSSIA.3Urunning north-west
Page 435 and 436:
ARCTIC RUSSIA. 347from 40 to TO fee
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TIIK WHITE SEA. 349which it is dist
Page 439 and 440:
THE SAMOYEDS. 851Russian plains sou
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ZIRYANIANS. 853or Ch tides, as the
Page 443 and 444:
ONEGA. 155in the first half of the
Page 445 and 446:
AKCHANGEL. :;:,7chief centre of tra
Page 447 and 448:
NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 359frequented by the
Page 449 and 450:
NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 363Government survey
Page 451 and 452:
theCHAPTER IX.VOLGA AND URAL BASINS
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THE VOLGA. 365and rafts are then ab
Page 457 and 458:
THE VOLGA DELTA.3G7narrow peninsula
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Tin: VOLGA DELTA. 369thirds of that
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TUE CASriAX SEA. 371light navigatio
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LACUSTRINE AND SALT STEPPES OF THE
Page 465 and 466:
THE SOUTHERN URALS. 375their operat
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THE SOUTHERN HEALS. 877other plains
Page 469 and 470:
THE GEEAT RUSSIANS. 879the spring f
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 881the subject.
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 883the mingled
Page 475 and 476:
RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
Page 477 and 478:
RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
Page 479 and 480:
RfBINSK. 389industrial centres in X
Page 481:
TYTES AM) COSTUMES IN THE GOVEKNMEK
Page 485 and 486:
OROL— TULA. 391the artisan classe
Page 487 and 488:
MOSCOW. 393Vitebsk and Smolensk, th
Page 491 and 492:
MOSCOW. 395that " Moscow is celebra
Page 493 and 494:
RIAZAN-KASIMOV. 397monastery. It is
Page 497 and 498:
NIJNI-NOVGOROD. 399paint as many as
Page 501 and 502:
NIJNI-NOVGOBOD. 401The district whe
Page 503 and 504:
THE MORDYINIANS. 403down the Volga
Page 505 and 506:
CHEREMISSIANS—CHUVASHES. 405conne
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KAZAN TATARS. 407Bulgarliks. Differ
Page 509 and 510:
PENZA. 4091875. The kindred Voguls
Page 511 and 512:
BOLOAE. 411history of the Russian s
Page 513 and 514:
SLA.TOUST—VIATKA. 4131721. Thanks
Page 517 and 518:
THE KAIMUK8. 415some Turki tribes,
Page 519 and 520:
SIMBIRSK—SAMAEA. 417enthusiasm in
Page 521 and 522:
DUBOVEA—SAREPTA—-TZAROV. 419the
Page 523 and 524:
THE URAL COSSACKS. 421place having
Page 525 and 526:
THE DON. 423been levelled by the ac
Page 527 and 528:
THE SEA OF AZOV. 425basin.Since 186
Page 529 and 530:
iTHE SEA OF AZOV. 427especially is
Page 531 and 532:
THE SEA OF AZOV. 429the salt consum
Page 533 and 534:
'THE DON COSSACKS. 431Inhabitants.
Page 535 and 536:
THE DOX COSSACKS. 433families, Saxo
Page 537 and 538:
VOEONEJ—KHARKOV. 435as Kozlor and
Page 539 and 540:
GKUGUYEV—SLA.VANSK—SLAYANOSEBBS
Page 541 and 542:
EOSTOV—AZOV-TAGANROG. 439head of
Page 544 and 545:
;«,
Page 547 and 548:
CHAPTER XLTHE CRIMEA.HE Crimean pen
Page 549 and 550:
THE CRIMEA. 443times facilitated co
Page 551 and 552:
TIIE CRIMEA. 445and according to th
Page 555 and 556:
THE CRIMEA. 447a reaction which lus
Page 559 and 560:
SEBASTOPOL. 449The famous siege of
Page 565 and 566:
KAFFA—KERTCH. 451often commanding
Page 567 and 568:
POPULATION. 453surprisingly from pr
Page 569 and 570:
POPULATION. 455far inferior to that
Page 571 and 572:
POPULATION. 457The Russians, as is
Page 573 and 574:
AGRICULTURE. 459who are obliged to
Page 575 and 576:
TEE MIE, OR COMMUNE. 461taiuly rece
Page 577 and 578:
THE MIE, OE COMMUNE. 463both " vill
Page 579 and 580:
MINING AND MANUFACTURES.4G5a more f
Page 581 and 582:
COMMEKCE. 46775,680,000 gallons of
Page 583 and 584:
RAILWAYS.4G9long. Yet, nofcwithstan
Page 585 and 586:
EDUCATION. 471Education.In educatio
Page 587 and 588:
GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 473s
Page 589 and 590:
GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 475m
Page 591 and 592:
-•>THE CHURCH—THE ARMY. 477"whi
Page 593 and 594:
THE AKMY AND NAVY. 479Some of the R
Page 595 and 596:
Hibrring,Aalborg,j(suburbYiborg,APP
Page 597 and 598:
AITENDIX. 483EL—COMMERCE.Shipping
Page 599 and 600:
APPENDIX. 485Area axd Population -o
Page 601 and 602:
APPENDIX. 487VI.—MANUFACTORIES NO
Page 603 and 604:
INDEX.Aa River. Kurlfmd, 229Livonia
Page 605 and 606:
INDEX.1U1Frithiof Glacier, 173Frost
Page 607 and 608:
INDEX. 493Mezen, 358Gulf, 343River,
Page 609 and 610:
INDEX. 495Skj&lfjanaifli6t, 34SkjSr
Page 614 and 615:
,'.J'4T"^L._,.'•;--£'in **£%^SS
Page 616:
"VUNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS-URBA3 0112
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