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480 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.to £2,000,000. As in all absolute monarchies, the Budget is also burdened withheavy charges for pensions and grants to the bureaucracy.The Russian Budget slightly exceeds that of Great Britain, but, including thespecial budgets, it is inferior to those of France and Germany. The debt, however,is still smaller than those of the three great Western powers, and the vastnatural resources of the country have been little utilised. On the other hand,the future is too overcast, and the stability of the present order too doubtful, torestore the credit of Russia in the European money market. Hence its foreignloans are still contracted under great disadvantages, and the national debtamounted in 1879 to £606,453,000, including the paper money in forced circulation,and now greatly below par.* Though still bearing the name of " silverrouble," this paper, which in 1879 amounted to £120,000,000, is really worthLittle more than one-half of its nominal value.Note.—The social state of the empire as above depicted receives a startlingillustration from the tragic fate of Czar Alexander II., the news of whose assassinationon Sunday, March 12th, 1881, was received after these sheets had passedthrough the press. The significance of this event seems to lie in the fact that theconspirators found it possible to make such arrangements for carrying out theirfell purpose in the very heart of the capital as must have, on this occasion, precludedthe possibility of failure. It is stated that even had the second bomb provedineffective, the road to the "Winter Palace was lined with so many other determined"Nibilists," all armed with the same terrific engine of destruction, that escapemust have in any case been impossible.What has been done once may, of course, bedone again ; and should the attempt be repeated, as is already threatened, the wholefabric of society as at present constituted may be shaken to its very foundations.The late Emperor was born on April 19th, 1818, married the Princess Marieof Hesse-Darmstadt in 1841, and succeeded his father, Nicholas I., in March, 1855,towards the close of the Crimean war.His reign must be ever memorable for theemancipation of the serfs, one of the most momentous events in the history ofhumanity.The credit of this wise and bold act is due entirely to the Czar, who, inthe face of much opposition, not only gave freedom to 40,000,000 serfs, but madethem communal proprietors, and released them from the penal jurisdiction of thegreat landowners. Nevertheless the later years of his reign were passed amidstwars, threatened revolutions, frequent attempts on his life, and domestic troubles,the latter due especially to his unhappy relations with the Princess Dolgoruki.He is succeeded by his son Alexander III., who was born on March 10th, 1845,and married November, 1866, to Maria Dagmar, daughter of the King of Denmark,and sister of the Princess of Wales and of the Queen of the Hellenes. His eldestson and heir apparent is Nicholas, born May 18th, 1868.* This is the value in paper roubles : in silver the debt only amounts to £306,000,000. Included inthe latter amount are £116,000,000 advanced to railway and manufacturing companies.
Hibrring,Aalborg,j(suburbYiborg,APPENDIXSTATISTICALTABLES.DENaIAKK.I.—AREA AND POPULATION.Bailiwicks.SJALLAXD {ZEALAND)AXD MOEN.Copenhagen, Town„ DistrictFrederiksborgHolbek . .Soro . .Prsestbe . . .BomholmMaribo ( Laaland and Falster)Odense .SvendborgFYEX, §c.JTLLAXD {JUTLAND).HjbrringThistedYiborg .Banders .Aarhus .Vejle . .BingkjbbinaBibe . .FarberTotal Kingdom . . .IcelandGreenland"West Indies (St. Croix, St.Thomas, and St. John) .Total Monarchy . . .5226275696442256406816331,0706501,1321,1709389569011,7471.17451414,76940,40034,00089,308235,254 Copenhagen, 235,254.121,487 EosKlde, 5.S95: Kjbge, 3,122: Frederiksbergof Copenhagen), 26,510.83,356 Helsingor (Elsinore), 8,978; Hillerod, 3,059.93.340 Holbek, 3,265.87.177 Bingsted, 2,127; Sorb, 1,464 ; Slagelse, 6,076;Korsor, 3,959.101,169 PWestoe, 1,460 ; Xestved, 4,792.35.365 Bonne, 6,472.97,008 Nakshov, 5,278 ; Maribo, 2,403.128,947 Odense, 20,S04 ; Assens, 3,196.117,659 Svendborg, 7,185; Nyborg, 5,402; Budkjbbing(Langeland), 3,197..1I100,548 4,30S; Frederikshavn, 2,891.63,991 Thisted^ 4,182; Nykjbbing, 4,560.96,205 24,152.93,371 7,653,104,313 Banders, 13.457.140.S88 Aarhus, 24,831; Horsens, 12,652.108,513 Vejle, 7.145; Fredericia, 8,275; Molding, 7,141.87,408 Bingkjbbing, 2,035.73,255 Bibe, 3.932.11,221 Ihorshavn, 900.1,9S0,675 1"2,000 Reykjavik, 2,000.9,800 Sukkertoppen, 359 ; Julianehaab, 223.37,600 St. Thomas.2,000,075 I
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LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
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CITYUOAD.
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ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS
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MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
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2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
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4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
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6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
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8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
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110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
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12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
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14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
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1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
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18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
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•.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
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22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
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ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
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2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
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28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
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80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
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32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
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34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
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36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
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33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
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10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
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42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fo
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44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
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Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
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SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
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THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
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THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
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•COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
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COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
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COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
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ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
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CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
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nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
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,RARY
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78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
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126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
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128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
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130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
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132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
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13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
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13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
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-ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
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138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
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140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
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112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
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114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
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146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
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1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
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150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
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152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
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15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
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156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
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View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
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1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
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162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
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164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
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106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
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THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
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170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
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SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even
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SPITZBERGEN. 173vicissitudes in the
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SPITZBERGEN. 175changes of temperat
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SPITZBEKOEN. 177captured ; but Nord
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WICHE'S LAND. 179to certain unauthe
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the expedition.But from this point
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RUSSIA IN EUROPE.CHAPTER I.GENERAL
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GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 185that have b
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LAKES AND RIVERS. 187St. Petersburg
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CLIMATE. 189Climate.— Vegetation.
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* Mean temperature in degrees Fahre
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INHABITANTS. 193groups, Uralo-Fiuni
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OEIGIXES OF RUSSIA. 195fifths of th
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THE VARANGIANS. 197the Novgorod Sla
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NOVGOROD IN HEB GLORY. 199the north
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POLISH ASCENDANCY.2C1historic highw
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GROWTH OF RUSSIA. 203herself be one
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SEABOARD AND BOUNDARIES.where could
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CHAPTER II.ALTHOUGH forming part of
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GLACIALFINLAND :ACTION. 209elevatio
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FINLAND: LAKES. 211It looks as if a
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FINLAND: LAKES. 213it has retained
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FINLAND: CLIMATE. 215Climate.— Ve
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FINLAND: INHABITANTS. 217with the R
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FINLAND: TOrOGEAPHY. 219Forsby, on
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FINLAND : NATURALRESOURCES. 221of S
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FINLAND: POTOLATION. 223Industry is
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FINLAND : GOVERNMENT.225one iu twen
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CHAPTER III.THE BALTIC PROVINCES.(E
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TEE BALTIC PROVINCE*. 229drainage i
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TIIE BALTIC PROVINCES. 231and geolo
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THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 233composed t
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THE BALTIC PK0YENCE8. 235vessels, a
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THE BALTIC ITiOVlXCES. 237capital o
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THE LALTIC rKOVIXCE*. 239approaches
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CHAPTER IV.poland (polska).Historic
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POLAND. 243successors soon lost mos
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POLAND. 245in appearance. It was ev
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'•',|',.jl"n -''
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248 RUSSIA JN EEBOrE.Like all civil
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230 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.some of the la
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25 2 KtTSSIA IN EUEOPE.In the "Wart
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254 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Few cities of
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CHAPTER V.UPPER DVINA AND NIEMEN BA
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258 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Niemen, wh
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260 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.and representi
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262 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.breathing a de
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2G4 RUSSIA IX BUEOPE.labourers rece
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266 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Jesuits was on
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CHAPTER VI.DNIEPER AND DNIESTER BAS
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'.;.270 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.on the sur
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272I1; -ssl A IN EUROPE.Water Syste
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271 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Nearly all its
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27GRUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nowhere an abso
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27KPITSSIA IN EUROPE.side of the li
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280 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Iii the coast
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2S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and beyond it t
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284 . RUSSIAIX EUROPE.Russians may
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28GRUSSIA IN EUKOPE.Topography.The
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288 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Lug, a tributa
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,;290 RUSSIA IX ETTBOEE.names corre
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292 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the ninth c
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201 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.whence thev so
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29 C RUSSIA IX EUROrE.thousands of
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298 RUSSIA IN ETJEOrE.and in the st
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800 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.provinces, and
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:v.".-'.•302 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and
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304 EUSSIA IX EUROl'E.enemies from
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306 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Fanatics are e
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308 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.was one of the
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310 RUSSIA IX ETJEOPE.rate the over
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812 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.opposite bank
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8URUSSIA IN EUEOrE.Ilaji-Bey liman,
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316 RUSSIA TX EUBOPEThe quality of
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318 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the Moldavian
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:;-nEUSSIA IN EUEOPE.oi' (lie river
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322 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.fallin g from
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324 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.jslaiddown at
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826 i;l SSIA IX EUROPE.of the same
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328 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.history is pre
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330 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.woven stuffs,
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B32RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Byzantine coins
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334 Bl SSIA IN EUEOPE.Nevertheless
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ST. PETEESBTJEG. 335On the shores o
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.;& 'i;J illVinlSii
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ST. PETERSBURG. 337including the hu
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ST. PETERSBURG. 339Palace, contains
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CHAPTER VIII.LANDS DRAINING TO THE
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 843stretching southw
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ARCTIC RUSSIA.3Urunning north-west
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 347from 40 to TO fee
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TIIK WHITE SEA. 349which it is dist
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THE SAMOYEDS. 851Russian plains sou
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ZIRYANIANS. 853or Ch tides, as the
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ONEGA. 155in the first half of the
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AKCHANGEL. :;:,7chief centre of tra
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 359frequented by the
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 363Government survey
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theCHAPTER IX.VOLGA AND URAL BASINS
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THE VOLGA. 365and rafts are then ab
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THE VOLGA DELTA.3G7narrow peninsula
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Tin: VOLGA DELTA. 369thirds of that
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TUE CASriAX SEA. 371light navigatio
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LACUSTRINE AND SALT STEPPES OF THE
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THE SOUTHERN URALS. 375their operat
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THE SOUTHERN HEALS. 877other plains
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THE GEEAT RUSSIANS. 879the spring f
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 881the subject.
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 883the mingled
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RfBINSK. 389industrial centres in X
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TYTES AM) COSTUMES IN THE GOVEKNMEK
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OROL— TULA. 391the artisan classe
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MOSCOW. 393Vitebsk and Smolensk, th
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MOSCOW. 395that " Moscow is celebra
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RIAZAN-KASIMOV. 397monastery. It is
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NIJNI-NOVGOROD. 399paint as many as
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NIJNI-NOVGOBOD. 401The district whe
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THE MORDYINIANS. 403down the Volga
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CHEREMISSIANS—CHUVASHES. 405conne
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KAZAN TATARS. 407Bulgarliks. Differ
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PENZA. 4091875. The kindred Voguls
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BOLOAE. 411history of the Russian s
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SLA.TOUST—VIATKA. 4131721. Thanks
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THE KAIMUK8. 415some Turki tribes,
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SIMBIRSK—SAMAEA. 417enthusiasm in
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DUBOVEA—SAREPTA—-TZAROV. 419the
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THE URAL COSSACKS. 421place having
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THE DON. 423been levelled by the ac
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 425basin.Since 186
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iTHE SEA OF AZOV. 427especially is
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 429the salt consum
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'THE DON COSSACKS. 431Inhabitants.
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THE DOX COSSACKS. 433families, Saxo
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VOEONEJ—KHARKOV. 435as Kozlor and
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GKUGUYEV—SLA.VANSK—SLAYANOSEBBS
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EOSTOV—AZOV-TAGANROG. 439head of
Page 544 and 545: ;«,
Page 547 and 548: CHAPTER XLTHE CRIMEA.HE Crimean pen
Page 549 and 550: THE CRIMEA. 443times facilitated co
Page 551 and 552: TIIE CRIMEA. 445and according to th
Page 555 and 556: THE CRIMEA. 447a reaction which lus
Page 559 and 560: SEBASTOPOL. 449The famous siege of
Page 565 and 566: KAFFA—KERTCH. 451often commanding
Page 567 and 568: POPULATION. 453surprisingly from pr
Page 569 and 570: POPULATION. 455far inferior to that
Page 571 and 572: POPULATION. 457The Russians, as is
Page 573 and 574: AGRICULTURE. 459who are obliged to
Page 575 and 576: TEE MIE, OR COMMUNE. 461taiuly rece
Page 577 and 578: THE MIE, OE COMMUNE. 463both " vill
Page 579 and 580: MINING AND MANUFACTURES.4G5a more f
Page 581 and 582: COMMEKCE. 46775,680,000 gallons of
Page 583 and 584: RAILWAYS.4G9long. Yet, nofcwithstan
Page 585 and 586: EDUCATION. 471Education.In educatio
Page 587 and 588: GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 473s
Page 589 and 590: GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 475m
Page 591 and 592: -•>THE CHURCH—THE ARMY. 477"whi
Page 593: THE AKMY AND NAVY. 479Some of the R
Page 597 and 598: AITENDIX. 483EL—COMMERCE.Shipping
Page 599 and 600: APPENDIX. 485Area axd Population -o
Page 601 and 602: APPENDIX. 487VI.—MANUFACTORIES NO
Page 603 and 604: INDEX.Aa River. Kurlfmd, 229Livonia
Page 605 and 606: INDEX.1U1Frithiof Glacier, 173Frost
Page 607 and 608: INDEX. 493Mezen, 358Gulf, 343River,
Page 609 and 610: INDEX. 495Skj&lfjanaifli6t, 34SkjSr
Page 614 and 615: ,'.J'4T"^L._,.'•;--£'in **£%^SS
Page 616: "VUNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS-URBA3 0112
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