The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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202 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.involved differences of habits, culture, policy, and alliances, building up a barrieron the east which Poland was unable to overcome.When to all these causes of intestine strife were added the revolts and wars ofthe Cossacks and Russian peasantry and the Polish nobles, the fate of Poland wasinevitable. But even geographically the empire had never been consolidated.Harassed by the Germans of the Baltic, the Poles had never been able to effectmore than a temporary footing on a seaboard which seemed to belong to themby right, while the Mohammedan conquests deprived them of an outlet towardsthe Euxine.Rise axd Growth of the Muscovite Power.While Poland was being wasted with wars and civil strife, Muscovy, allied inthe fifteenth century to the southern Mussulmans, was growing in strength.Through the Yolga and its affiuents, through the portages and rivers of the northand west, the Moscow princes were able to reach the farthest limits of the vastcentral plains, and easily established a consolidated state. As soon as the lands ofthe Muscovite Empire were washed by the four seas, north, west, south, and southeast,modern Russia was founded.Its amazing growth in recent times is a familiar topic.The Russia of to-daycomprises a territory at least ten times larger than that of the state which wasformed after the overthrow of the Tatars, and which had an area estimated atabout 800,000 square miles. The vast domain since acquired is measured by themeridians and parallels of latitude rather than by versts or square miles. In 1872the great international triangulation was completed, which had for its object themeasurement of the parallel arc between the island of Valentia, on the south-westcoast of Ireland, and the city of Orsk, in the government of Orenburg. Thisarc of 3,310 miles, embracing 69° of longitude, or about one-fifth of thecircumference of the globe, crosses Russian territory for a space of 40°, to whichmust be added an arc of 100°, nearly all comprised within the empire or its waters,and embracing the whole of Siberia to the Pacific Ocean and the extremity ofKamchatka.The growth of the empire has occasionally been arrested, and certain landshave even been ceded, as, for instance, Astrabad and Mazanderan to Persia in1732, Alaska to the United States in 1867, for the sum of £1,600,000, and in1856 a part of Bessarabia to Rumania—this last, however, resumed in virtue ofthe Congress of Berlin in 1878. But each momentary retreat has almostinvariably been followed by a fresh advance, resulting altogether in an increaseof territory exceeding 2,400,000 square miles since the accession of Peter theGreat.Russia is still in her period of expansion, the fascination of her power andinfluence attracting numerous Asiatic tribes, and even states, which graduallybecome absorbed in her political system. In the west her limits are fixed byother empires, or by petty states maintained by the rivalries of the great powersbut half of Turkey still remains to be shared, and may not Austria-Hungary
GROWTH OF RUSSIA. 203herself be one day dismembered to the advantage of her neighbours ? Meantimethe European frontier is fixed by a double line of fortresses and customhouseswith as much precision as those of other continental states. In Asia, onthe contrary, the limits are, so to say, fluctuating ; and in spite of provisional99. Growth of the Russian Empire.According to Dragoman ov.Annexationsunder Taul I.Annexations inNineteenth Centurytreaties, drawing the line at certain rivers or mountain ranges, Russia must goon annexing fresh lands until she meets compact masses or military powers strongenough to resist her advances. Though considerably reduced by the acquisitionof Eastern Manchuria, the space intervening between Siberia and the denselypeopled plains of China is still extensive, while many stages must be made
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LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
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CITYUOAD.
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ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS
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MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
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2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
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4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
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6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
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8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
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110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
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12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
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14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
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1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
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18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
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•.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
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22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
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ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
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2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
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28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
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80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
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32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
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34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
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36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
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33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
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10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
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42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fo
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44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
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Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
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SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
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THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
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THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
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•COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
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COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
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COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
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ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
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CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
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nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
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,RARY
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78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
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126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
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128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
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130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
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132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
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13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
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13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
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-ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
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138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
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140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
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112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
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114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
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146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
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1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
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150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
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152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
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15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
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156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
Page 206 and 207: View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
Page 208 and 209: 1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
Page 210 and 211: 162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
Page 212 and 213: 164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
Page 214 and 215: 106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
Page 216 and 217: THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
Page 218 and 219: 170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
Page 221 and 222: SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even
Page 223 and 224: SPITZBERGEN. 173vicissitudes in the
Page 225 and 226: SPITZBERGEN. 175changes of temperat
Page 227 and 228: SPITZBEKOEN. 177captured ; but Nord
Page 229 and 230: WICHE'S LAND. 179to certain unauthe
Page 231 and 232: the expedition.But from this point
Page 237 and 238: RUSSIA IN EUROPE.CHAPTER I.GENERAL
Page 239 and 240: GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 185that have b
Page 241 and 242: LAKES AND RIVERS. 187St. Petersburg
Page 243 and 244: CLIMATE. 189Climate.— Vegetation.
Page 245 and 246: * Mean temperature in degrees Fahre
Page 247 and 248: INHABITANTS. 193groups, Uralo-Fiuni
Page 249 and 250: OEIGIXES OF RUSSIA. 195fifths of th
Page 251 and 252: THE VARANGIANS. 197the Novgorod Sla
Page 253 and 254: NOVGOROD IN HEB GLORY. 199the north
Page 255: POLISH ASCENDANCY.2C1historic highw
Page 259 and 260: SEABOARD AND BOUNDARIES.where could
Page 261 and 262: CHAPTER II.ALTHOUGH forming part of
Page 263 and 264: GLACIALFINLAND :ACTION. 209elevatio
Page 265 and 266: FINLAND: LAKES. 211It looks as if a
Page 267 and 268: FINLAND: LAKES. 213it has retained
Page 269 and 270: FINLAND: CLIMATE. 215Climate.— Ve
Page 273 and 274: FINLAND: INHABITANTS. 217with the R
Page 275 and 276: FINLAND: TOrOGEAPHY. 219Forsby, on
Page 277 and 278: FINLAND : NATURALRESOURCES. 221of S
Page 279 and 280: FINLAND: POTOLATION. 223Industry is
Page 281 and 282: FINLAND : GOVERNMENT.225one iu twen
Page 283 and 284: CHAPTER III.THE BALTIC PROVINCES.(E
Page 285 and 286: TEE BALTIC PROVINCE*. 229drainage i
Page 287 and 288: TIIE BALTIC PROVINCES. 231and geolo
Page 289 and 290: THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 233composed t
Page 291 and 292: THE BALTIC PK0YENCE8. 235vessels, a
Page 295 and 296: THE BALTIC ITiOVlXCES. 237capital o
Page 299 and 300: THE LALTIC rKOVIXCE*. 239approaches
Page 301 and 302: CHAPTER IV.poland (polska).Historic
Page 303 and 304: POLAND. 243successors soon lost mos
Page 305 and 306: POLAND. 245in appearance. It was ev
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'•',|',.jl"n -''
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248 RUSSIA JN EEBOrE.Like all civil
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230 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.some of the la
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25 2 KtTSSIA IN EUEOPE.In the "Wart
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254 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Few cities of
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CHAPTER V.UPPER DVINA AND NIEMEN BA
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258 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Niemen, wh
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260 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.and representi
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262 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.breathing a de
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2G4 RUSSIA IX BUEOPE.labourers rece
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266 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Jesuits was on
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CHAPTER VI.DNIEPER AND DNIESTER BAS
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'.;.270 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.on the sur
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272I1; -ssl A IN EUROPE.Water Syste
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271 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Nearly all its
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27GRUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nowhere an abso
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27KPITSSIA IN EUROPE.side of the li
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280 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Iii the coast
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2S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and beyond it t
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284 . RUSSIAIX EUROPE.Russians may
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28GRUSSIA IN EUKOPE.Topography.The
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288 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Lug, a tributa
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,;290 RUSSIA IX ETTBOEE.names corre
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292 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the ninth c
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201 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.whence thev so
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29 C RUSSIA IX EUROrE.thousands of
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298 RUSSIA IN ETJEOrE.and in the st
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800 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.provinces, and
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:v.".-'.•302 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and
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304 EUSSIA IX EUROl'E.enemies from
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306 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Fanatics are e
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308 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.was one of the
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310 RUSSIA IX ETJEOPE.rate the over
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812 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.opposite bank
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8URUSSIA IN EUEOrE.Ilaji-Bey liman,
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316 RUSSIA TX EUBOPEThe quality of
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318 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the Moldavian
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:;-nEUSSIA IN EUEOPE.oi' (lie river
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322 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.fallin g from
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324 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.jslaiddown at
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826 i;l SSIA IX EUROPE.of the same
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328 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.history is pre
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330 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.woven stuffs,
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B32RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Byzantine coins
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334 Bl SSIA IN EUEOPE.Nevertheless
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ST. PETEESBTJEG. 335On the shores o
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.;& 'i;J illVinlSii
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ST. PETERSBURG. 337including the hu
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ST. PETERSBURG. 339Palace, contains
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CHAPTER VIII.LANDS DRAINING TO THE
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 843stretching southw
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ARCTIC RUSSIA.3Urunning north-west
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ARCTIC RUSSIA. 347from 40 to TO fee
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TIIK WHITE SEA. 349which it is dist
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THE SAMOYEDS. 851Russian plains sou
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ZIRYANIANS. 853or Ch tides, as the
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ONEGA. 155in the first half of the
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AKCHANGEL. :;:,7chief centre of tra
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 359frequented by the
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NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 363Government survey
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theCHAPTER IX.VOLGA AND URAL BASINS
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THE VOLGA. 365and rafts are then ab
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THE VOLGA DELTA.3G7narrow peninsula
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Tin: VOLGA DELTA. 369thirds of that
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TUE CASriAX SEA. 371light navigatio
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LACUSTRINE AND SALT STEPPES OF THE
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THE SOUTHERN URALS. 375their operat
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THE SOUTHERN HEALS. 877other plains
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THE GEEAT RUSSIANS. 879the spring f
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 881the subject.
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THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 883the mingled
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
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RfBINSK. 389industrial centres in X
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TYTES AM) COSTUMES IN THE GOVEKNMEK
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OROL— TULA. 391the artisan classe
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MOSCOW. 393Vitebsk and Smolensk, th
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MOSCOW. 395that " Moscow is celebra
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RIAZAN-KASIMOV. 397monastery. It is
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NIJNI-NOVGOROD. 399paint as many as
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NIJNI-NOVGOBOD. 401The district whe
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THE MORDYINIANS. 403down the Volga
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CHEREMISSIANS—CHUVASHES. 405conne
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KAZAN TATARS. 407Bulgarliks. Differ
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PENZA. 4091875. The kindred Voguls
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BOLOAE. 411history of the Russian s
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SLA.TOUST—VIATKA. 4131721. Thanks
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THE KAIMUK8. 415some Turki tribes,
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SIMBIRSK—SAMAEA. 417enthusiasm in
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DUBOVEA—SAREPTA—-TZAROV. 419the
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THE URAL COSSACKS. 421place having
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THE DON. 423been levelled by the ac
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 425basin.Since 186
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iTHE SEA OF AZOV. 427especially is
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 429the salt consum
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'THE DON COSSACKS. 431Inhabitants.
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THE DOX COSSACKS. 433families, Saxo
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VOEONEJ—KHARKOV. 435as Kozlor and
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GKUGUYEV—SLA.VANSK—SLAYANOSEBBS
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EOSTOV—AZOV-TAGANROG. 439head of
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;«,
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CHAPTER XLTHE CRIMEA.HE Crimean pen
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THE CRIMEA. 443times facilitated co
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TIIE CRIMEA. 445and according to th
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THE CRIMEA. 447a reaction which lus
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SEBASTOPOL. 449The famous siege of
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KAFFA—KERTCH. 451often commanding
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POPULATION. 453surprisingly from pr
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POPULATION. 455far inferior to that
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POPULATION. 457The Russians, as is
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AGRICULTURE. 459who are obliged to
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TEE MIE, OR COMMUNE. 461taiuly rece
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THE MIE, OE COMMUNE. 463both " vill
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MINING AND MANUFACTURES.4G5a more f
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COMMEKCE. 46775,680,000 gallons of
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RAILWAYS.4G9long. Yet, nofcwithstan
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EDUCATION. 471Education.In educatio
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 473s
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 475m
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-•>THE CHURCH—THE ARMY. 477"whi
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THE AKMY AND NAVY. 479Some of the R
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Hibrring,Aalborg,j(suburbYiborg,APP
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AITENDIX. 483EL—COMMERCE.Shipping
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APPENDIX. 485Area axd Population -o
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APPENDIX. 487VI.—MANUFACTORIES NO
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INDEX.Aa River. Kurlfmd, 229Livonia
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INDEX.1U1Frithiof Glacier, 173Frost
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INDEX. 493Mezen, 358Gulf, 343River,
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INDEX. 495Skj&lfjanaifli6t, 34SkjSr
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,'.J'4T"^L._,.'•;--£'in **£%^SS
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"VUNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS-URBA3 0112
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