The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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THE LALTIC rKOVIXCE*. 239approaches, but the former enclosures have been converted into public promenades.A chain of secondary towns encircles the capital of the Baltic Provinces.the north-east the ruined castle of Wenden, on the Aa, recalls the clays of theToFig. 111.—Riga.Scale 1 : 100,000.E of P 2f|45-wa-.-:;-'I25] E of GDepth under 2£ to 52^ Fathoms. Fathoms.Grand Masters of the " Knights of the Sword." Farther south Fricdriehstadt andJalcobsfadf, both on the Dvina, and the latter mostly peopled by Jews, arestations for steamers, as well as for the rafts and flat-bottomed boats coming
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LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
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CITYUOAD.
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ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS
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MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
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2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
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4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
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6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
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8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
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110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
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12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
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14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
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1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
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18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
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•.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
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22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
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ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
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2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
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28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
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80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
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32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
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34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
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36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
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33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
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10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
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42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fo
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44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
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Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
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SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
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THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
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THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
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•COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
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COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
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COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
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ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
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CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
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nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
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,RARY
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78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
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126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
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128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
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130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
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132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
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13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
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13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
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-ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
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138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
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140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
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112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
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114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
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146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
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1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
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150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
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152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
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15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
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156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
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View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
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1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
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162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
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164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
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106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
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THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
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170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
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SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even
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SPITZBERGEN. 173vicissitudes in the
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SPITZBERGEN. 175changes of temperat
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SPITZBEKOEN. 177captured ; but Nord
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WICHE'S LAND. 179to certain unauthe
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the expedition.But from this point
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RUSSIA IN EUROPE.CHAPTER I.GENERAL
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GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 185that have b
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LAKES AND RIVERS. 187St. Petersburg
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CLIMATE. 189Climate.— Vegetation.
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* Mean temperature in degrees Fahre
Page 247 and 248: INHABITANTS. 193groups, Uralo-Fiuni
Page 249 and 250: OEIGIXES OF RUSSIA. 195fifths of th
Page 251 and 252: THE VARANGIANS. 197the Novgorod Sla
Page 253 and 254: NOVGOROD IN HEB GLORY. 199the north
Page 255 and 256: POLISH ASCENDANCY.2C1historic highw
Page 257 and 258: GROWTH OF RUSSIA. 203herself be one
Page 259 and 260: SEABOARD AND BOUNDARIES.where could
Page 261 and 262: CHAPTER II.ALTHOUGH forming part of
Page 263 and 264: GLACIALFINLAND :ACTION. 209elevatio
Page 265 and 266: FINLAND: LAKES. 211It looks as if a
Page 267 and 268: FINLAND: LAKES. 213it has retained
Page 269 and 270: FINLAND: CLIMATE. 215Climate.— Ve
Page 273 and 274: FINLAND: INHABITANTS. 217with the R
Page 275 and 276: FINLAND: TOrOGEAPHY. 219Forsby, on
Page 277 and 278: FINLAND : NATURALRESOURCES. 221of S
Page 279 and 280: FINLAND: POTOLATION. 223Industry is
Page 281 and 282: FINLAND : GOVERNMENT.225one iu twen
Page 283 and 284: CHAPTER III.THE BALTIC PROVINCES.(E
Page 285 and 286: TEE BALTIC PROVINCE*. 229drainage i
Page 287 and 288: TIIE BALTIC PROVINCES. 231and geolo
Page 289 and 290: THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 233composed t
Page 291 and 292: THE BALTIC PK0YENCE8. 235vessels, a
Page 295 and 296: THE BALTIC ITiOVlXCES. 237capital o
Page 300 and 301: 210 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.down from the
Page 302 and 303: 242 EUSSIA IX EUROPE.century a Duch
Page 304 and 305: 241 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.East. Yet at t
Page 306: 24GRUSSIA IX BDEOPB.Silesia and Poz
Page 309 and 310: POLAND. 217Ethnical Elements.— Po
Page 311 and 312: POLAND. 249in the land. The Jews, a
Page 315 and 316: POLAND. 251by the peasantry themsel
Page 317 and 318: 1'OLAND : WARSAW. 253and TVieprz, t
Page 321 and 322: POLAND: TOWNS. 255grounds and subur
Page 323 and 324: LITHUANIA. 257Physical Features.Fro
Page 325 and 326: 'LITHUANIA. 259lines of erratic bou
Page 327 and 328: LITHUANIA2G1seaboard between the Vi
Page 329 and 330: LITHUANIA. 263If, on the oth->r ban
Page 331 and 332: LITHUANIA.•2
Page 333 and 334: LITHUANIA. 207interior. It was visi
Page 335 and 336: TEE CHEENOZOM, OR BLACK LANDS.2C9Dn
Page 337 and 338: THE STEPPES. 271surrounded only by
Page 339 and 340: THE DNIEPER. 273bluish fur from tho
Page 341 and 342: THE DNIEPER. 275the period of Greek
Page 345 and 346: THE DNIESTER. 277Tnii Dniester (Dne
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THE STEPPES. 270Even lakes Lave com
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LI1IAX3 AXD COAST-LIXE. 281float a
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THE WHITE RUSSIANS. 283possessions
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THE WHITE RUSSIANS. 285and schools
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YOLHYNIA: TOrOGEAPHY. 287French the
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THE LITTLE RUSSIANS AND COSSACKS.2S
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TIIE LITTLE RUSSIANS AND COSSACKS 2
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THE LITTLE RUSSIANS AND COSSACKS. 2
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TIIE COSSACKS. 295suppressed the Li
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FOREIGN COLONIES IN UKEANIA. 297ord
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FOREIGN COLONIES IN UKRANIA. 299and
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jitomir: 301the value of about £6,
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ETEV. 803Severanes, and contains a
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KIEV. 305which stands the church of
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FEREYASLAY. 307the plough of some s
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KBEMEXCHUG-FOLTAYA. 309wretches, wh
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BEBISLAY-KHEBSON. 3119itch, or stat
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"NIKOLAYEV—ODESSA. 313situation o
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ODESSA. 315on the other towards the
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KISHENOY— BENDER. 317the empire,
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CHAPTER VII.REGION OF THE GREAT LAK
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THE REGION OF LAKES. 821the so-call
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THE REGION OF LAKES. 323outflow. Fr
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THE REGION OF LAKES. :;2.-730 west
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THE EEGION OF LAKES. 827of Finland,
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THE REGION OF LAKES: INHABITANTS. 3
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TOROPETZ-SOLTZI. 331still do a year
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NOVGOROD. 333not all equal before t
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"-:-AND ENVIRONS~Kuiriii , ; I, S!
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iSS1A'830IX EUROPE.not one is so ha
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.*„;.L L Lill.Hlll iJ.JBlL .
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338 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.epidemics at t
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340 RUSSIA IN EUBOl'E.the sea, and
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342 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.continued east
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844 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the peat beds,
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346 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.found both in
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348 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.when the ice f
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350 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.that however d
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352 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.neighbouring g
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8.14 EUSSIA IN EUEOPE.The Pomori, o
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356 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Vologda, on th
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358 RUSSIA Ds EUROPE.unimportant pl
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300 RUSSIA IK EUROPE.Although frequ
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3G2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.or rusty hues o
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364 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.The Volga and
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3GGRUSSIA IN EUEOrE.equal volume, a
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Two hundred years ago the navigable
Page 460 and 461:
370 RUSSIA E\ T EUKOPE.south, and r
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372 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.The actual lev
Page 464 and 465:
871 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Yelton, the Al
Page 466 and 467:
876 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.is reached fro
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378 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.more than 4,00
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880 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.imperial race,
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3S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.communes and va
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S8-4 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Great Rus
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386 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.stamped papers
Page 478 and 479:
388 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.beginning to r
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390 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.amount annuall
Page 484 and 485:
TYl'ES AND COSTUilES IN TULA.
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302 RUSSIA IN EUROPEthe advantage o
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304 EUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nearly 10 mile
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396 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.the control of
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898 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.near the point
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400 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.kingdom, on th
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402 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.of a temporary
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404 RUSSIA IX EUBOPE.upon he takes
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406 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.munities in th
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408 EUSSIA IN EUEOPE.much the same
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410 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.on the right b
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-412 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the snowy
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414 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Lower Volga Ba
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41GEUSSIA IN EUROPE.land, burning t
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418 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.present it is
Page 522 and 523:
420 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Astrakhan, cap
Page 524 and 525:
CHAPTER X.BASIN OF THE DON.-SEA OF
Page 526 and 527:
424 RUSSIA IN EUBOPE.connecting the
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-12(5RUSSIA IN EUROPE.which at the
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428 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.water is salt,
Page 532 and 533:
430 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.from the Sivac
Page 534 and 535:
432 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Muscovite colo
Page 536 and 537:
434 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.the scattered
Page 538 and 539:
43GKUSSIA IN EUEOrE.attracting larg
Page 540 and 541:
II438 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.the Governme
Page 542:
4 40 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.A far better
Page 545:
S E V A STO PO LA
Page 548 and 549:
442 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Geological For
Page 550 and 551:
444 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.thus thrown up
Page 552:
446 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Inhabitants.Li
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448 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.their honesty,
Page 560:
450 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.1864. But sinc
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CHAPTER XII.MATERIAL AND SOCIAL CON
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454 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Russians g
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456 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Most of the to
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WhiteLakes458 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Indu
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400 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.seed, the tota
Page 576 and 577:
4G2RUSSIA IN ETJEOPE.At the same ti
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4C1RUSSIA IX EUROPE.becomes a villa
Page 580 and 581:
4GGRUSSIA IN EUROPE.the tallow indu
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466 RUSSIA IN EUKOrE.2,000 Ions, th
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470 EUSSIA IN EUEOrE.it is surpasse
Page 586 and 587:
472 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.science is als
Page 588 and 589:
171 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.the charitable
Page 590 and 591:
470 KTTSSIA IN EUROPE.the uprava, o
Page 592 and 593:
478 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.war. Before 18
Page 594 and 595:
480 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.to £2,000,000
Page 596 and 597:
482 APPEXDIX.n.—COMMEECE.Mercanti
Page 598 and 599:
484 A1TEXDIX.THE EUSSIAN EMPIEE.I.
Page 600 and 601:
48GAPPENDIX.Religions in the Russia
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48SAPPENDIX.THE FT SSI AN NAVY.Balt
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490 INDEX.Brunkebergs 5s, 91Brzcnzi
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1Kranholm492 INDEX.Kara-Kalpaks, 29
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494 INDEX.Pinsk, 287Marsh, 271Poitr
Page 610:
496 INDEX.Vardo, 129Varduhus, 168Va
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1%'~Mm>wmm ®Mmm^m^mSm^t:
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