The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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388 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.beginning to reject the title of " Old Believers," applying it to the members ofthe Orthodox Church, whom they reproach for their cold formalism. New sectsarise, such as the Nemolaki, who disbelieve in the efficacy of prayer, and theNeplatekhtchiki, who denounce all taxation. Yet such is the tenacity of the oldritualistic habits that even amongst the Spiritualists there has been formed a sectof "Sigbers," who sigh and pant incessantly at their gatherings, because the" breath" is "spirit."TOPOGRAPHY OF GREAT RUSSIA.The Upper Volga to Nijni-Novgorod.(Governments of Tver, Yaroslav, and Kostroma.)This region is peopled by Great Russians, and by Finns who have beenlargely Slavonised.numerous isolatedIn the hilly and more inaccessible districts of the "West alonecommunities of Karelians have hitherto kept themselves aloof,retaining their speech and customs intact. But even these are slowly becomingassimilated to the surrounding Slav element. The province of Yaroslav was, athousand years ago, largely occupied by Finns, yet the present population is nowregarded as consisting of pure Great Russians. The Finns never having beenexpelled, the ethnical transformation must have been slowly accomplished, andeven the towns and villages now mostly bear Slav names, generally in honour ofsaints or religious feasts.The towns, nearly all originally mere fishing stations, are somewhat numerouson the main stream and its tributaries.Even in the upland region of forests andmarshes near its source occurs the industrious town of Ostashkov, standing on apeninsula of Lake Seliger, about 750 feet above sea-level.It is peopled by fishersand boatmen, and manufactures scythes, sickles, axes, boots, and sboes. Fartherdown are Rjov, a great hemp and flax mart, Zubtzop, Staritza, and south of theriver the town of Gjatsk, in the government of Smolensk, on a tributary whosehead-streams are intermingled with those of the Dnieper.Tver, formerly the most formidable political rival of Moscow, now the capital ofa government and the chief port on the Upper Volga, lies advantageously at thejunction of the Tvertza, which flows from the northern uplands, and which at alltimes gave access to the Neva basin and Gulf of Finland. Merchandise hadformerly to be conveyed across the country from the Tvertza to the Msta, andalthough a canal has for the last hundred years afforded a navigable route fromTver to St. Petersburg, the city of the " Upper Portage," or Vishni-Volochok,still retains its name. During the fine season many thousands of boats ladenwith corn and other produce call here, as well as at the industrious town ofTorjol; or " The Mart," which lies farther down on the Tvertza, and which evenin the Novgorod period was already a great emporium. As many as 4,000 boatsare yearly moored at the quays of Tver, which is the largest of the three commercialtowns on the St. Petersburg- Moscow railway, and one of the chief
RfBINSK. 389industrial centres in Xorth Russia, with numerous cotton-spinning mills and fancyleather works. This last industry, which is supposed to have been introduced bythe Mongolians, bears an astonishing resemblance to Chinese ornamental work.Rtbinsk, in the province of Yaroslav, is the second trading station on the Volgabelow Tver, and has the advantage of standing at the issue of two canalsFig. 205. Vl8HNI-V0L0CH0K.Scale 1 : 450,000.\2Z°iQ-EofP"E of Gconnecting the Volga with St. Petersburg—one by the Mologa and Lake Ladoga,the other by the Sheksna, the Belo-Ozero, and the two great lakes of the Nevabasin. Hence the growth of the capital reacts on Ribinsk, which may be regardedas its chief port on the Volga, and which is also connected with it by rail. Herethe flat-bottomed boats, to the number of 2,000, tranship their cargoes to the8,000 small craft constructed for the navigation of the canals. The transhipmentsVOL. V. D D
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LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
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CITYUOAD.
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ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS
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MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
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2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
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4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
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6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
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8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
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110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
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12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
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14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
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1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
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18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
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•.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
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22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
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ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
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2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
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28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
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80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
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32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
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34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
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36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
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33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
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10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
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42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fo
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44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
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Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
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SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
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THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
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THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
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•COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
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COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
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COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
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ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
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CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
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nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
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,RARY
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78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
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126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
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128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
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130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
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132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
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13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
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13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
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-ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
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138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
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140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
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112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
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114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
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146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
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1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
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150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
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152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
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15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
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156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
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View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
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1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
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162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
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164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
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106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
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THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
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170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
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SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even
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SPITZBERGEN. 173vicissitudes in the
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SPITZBERGEN. 175changes of temperat
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SPITZBEKOEN. 177captured ; but Nord
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WICHE'S LAND. 179to certain unauthe
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the expedition.But from this point
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RUSSIA IN EUROPE.CHAPTER I.GENERAL
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GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 185that have b
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LAKES AND RIVERS. 187St. Petersburg
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CLIMATE. 189Climate.— Vegetation.
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* Mean temperature in degrees Fahre
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INHABITANTS. 193groups, Uralo-Fiuni
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OEIGIXES OF RUSSIA. 195fifths of th
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THE VARANGIANS. 197the Novgorod Sla
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NOVGOROD IN HEB GLORY. 199the north
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POLISH ASCENDANCY.2C1historic highw
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GROWTH OF RUSSIA. 203herself be one
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SEABOARD AND BOUNDARIES.where could
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CHAPTER II.ALTHOUGH forming part of
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GLACIALFINLAND :ACTION. 209elevatio
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FINLAND: LAKES. 211It looks as if a
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FINLAND: LAKES. 213it has retained
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FINLAND: CLIMATE. 215Climate.— Ve
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FINLAND: INHABITANTS. 217with the R
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FINLAND: TOrOGEAPHY. 219Forsby, on
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FINLAND : NATURALRESOURCES. 221of S
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FINLAND: POTOLATION. 223Industry is
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FINLAND : GOVERNMENT.225one iu twen
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CHAPTER III.THE BALTIC PROVINCES.(E
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TEE BALTIC PROVINCE*. 229drainage i
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TIIE BALTIC PROVINCES. 231and geolo
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THE BALTIC PROVINCES. 233composed t
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THE BALTIC PK0YENCE8. 235vessels, a
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THE BALTIC ITiOVlXCES. 237capital o
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THE LALTIC rKOVIXCE*. 239approaches
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CHAPTER IV.poland (polska).Historic
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POLAND. 243successors soon lost mos
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POLAND. 245in appearance. It was ev
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'•',|',.jl"n -''
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248 RUSSIA JN EEBOrE.Like all civil
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230 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.some of the la
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25 2 KtTSSIA IN EUEOPE.In the "Wart
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254 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Few cities of
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CHAPTER V.UPPER DVINA AND NIEMEN BA
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258 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Niemen, wh
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260 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.and representi
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262 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.breathing a de
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2G4 RUSSIA IX BUEOPE.labourers rece
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266 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Jesuits was on
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CHAPTER VI.DNIEPER AND DNIESTER BAS
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'.;.270 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.on the sur
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272I1; -ssl A IN EUROPE.Water Syste
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271 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Nearly all its
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27GRUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nowhere an abso
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27KPITSSIA IN EUROPE.side of the li
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280 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Iii the coast
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2S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and beyond it t
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284 . RUSSIAIX EUROPE.Russians may
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28GRUSSIA IN EUKOPE.Topography.The
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288 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Lug, a tributa
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,;290 RUSSIA IX ETTBOEE.names corre
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292 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the ninth c
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201 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.whence thev so
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29 C RUSSIA IX EUROrE.thousands of
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298 RUSSIA IN ETJEOrE.and in the st
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800 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.provinces, and
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:v.".-'.•302 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.and
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304 EUSSIA IX EUROl'E.enemies from
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306 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Fanatics are e
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308 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.was one of the
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310 RUSSIA IX ETJEOPE.rate the over
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812 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.opposite bank
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8URUSSIA IN EUEOrE.Ilaji-Bey liman,
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316 RUSSIA TX EUBOPEThe quality of
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318 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the Moldavian
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:;-nEUSSIA IN EUEOPE.oi' (lie river
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322 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.fallin g from
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324 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.jslaiddown at
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826 i;l SSIA IX EUROPE.of the same
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328 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.history is pre
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330 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.woven stuffs,
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B32RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Byzantine coins
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334 Bl SSIA IN EUEOPE.Nevertheless
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ST. PETEESBTJEG. 335On the shores o
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.;& 'i;J illVinlSii
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ST. PETERSBURG. 337including the hu
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ST. PETERSBURG. 339Palace, contains
Page 427 and 428: CHAPTER VIII.LANDS DRAINING TO THE
Page 429 and 430: ARCTIC RUSSIA. 843stretching southw
Page 431 and 432: ARCTIC RUSSIA.3Urunning north-west
Page 435 and 436: ARCTIC RUSSIA. 347from 40 to TO fee
Page 437 and 438: TIIK WHITE SEA. 349which it is dist
Page 439 and 440: THE SAMOYEDS. 851Russian plains sou
Page 441 and 442: ZIRYANIANS. 853or Ch tides, as the
Page 443 and 444: ONEGA. 155in the first half of the
Page 445 and 446: AKCHANGEL. :;:,7chief centre of tra
Page 447 and 448: NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 359frequented by the
Page 449 and 450: NOVAYA ZEMLYA. 363Government survey
Page 451 and 452: theCHAPTER IX.VOLGA AND URAL BASINS
Page 455 and 456: THE VOLGA. 365and rafts are then ab
Page 457 and 458: THE VOLGA DELTA.3G7narrow peninsula
Page 459 and 460: Tin: VOLGA DELTA. 369thirds of that
Page 461 and 462: TUE CASriAX SEA. 371light navigatio
Page 463 and 464: LACUSTRINE AND SALT STEPPES OF THE
Page 465 and 466: THE SOUTHERN URALS. 375their operat
Page 467 and 468: THE SOUTHERN HEALS. 877other plains
Page 469 and 470: THE GEEAT RUSSIANS. 879the spring f
Page 471 and 472: THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 881the subject.
Page 473 and 474: THE GREAT RUSSIANS. 883the mingled
Page 475 and 476: RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
Page 477: RELIGIOUS SECTS OF GREAT RUSSIA. 38
Page 481: TYTES AM) COSTUMES IN THE GOVEKNMEK
Page 485 and 486: OROL— TULA. 391the artisan classe
Page 487 and 488: MOSCOW. 393Vitebsk and Smolensk, th
Page 491 and 492: MOSCOW. 395that " Moscow is celebra
Page 493 and 494: RIAZAN-KASIMOV. 397monastery. It is
Page 497 and 498: NIJNI-NOVGOROD. 399paint as many as
Page 501 and 502: NIJNI-NOVGOBOD. 401The district whe
Page 503 and 504: THE MORDYINIANS. 403down the Volga
Page 505 and 506: CHEREMISSIANS—CHUVASHES. 405conne
Page 507 and 508: KAZAN TATARS. 407Bulgarliks. Differ
Page 509 and 510: PENZA. 4091875. The kindred Voguls
Page 511 and 512: BOLOAE. 411history of the Russian s
Page 513 and 514: SLA.TOUST—VIATKA. 4131721. Thanks
Page 517 and 518: THE KAIMUK8. 415some Turki tribes,
Page 519 and 520: SIMBIRSK—SAMAEA. 417enthusiasm in
Page 521 and 522: DUBOVEA—SAREPTA—-TZAROV. 419the
Page 523 and 524: THE URAL COSSACKS. 421place having
Page 525 and 526: THE DON. 423been levelled by the ac
Page 527 and 528: THE SEA OF AZOV. 425basin.Since 186
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iTHE SEA OF AZOV. 427especially is
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THE SEA OF AZOV. 429the salt consum
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'THE DON COSSACKS. 431Inhabitants.
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THE DOX COSSACKS. 433families, Saxo
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VOEONEJ—KHARKOV. 435as Kozlor and
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GKUGUYEV—SLA.VANSK—SLAYANOSEBBS
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EOSTOV—AZOV-TAGANROG. 439head of
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;«,
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CHAPTER XLTHE CRIMEA.HE Crimean pen
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THE CRIMEA. 443times facilitated co
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TIIE CRIMEA. 445and according to th
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THE CRIMEA. 447a reaction which lus
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SEBASTOPOL. 449The famous siege of
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KAFFA—KERTCH. 451often commanding
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POPULATION. 453surprisingly from pr
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POPULATION. 455far inferior to that
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POPULATION. 457The Russians, as is
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AGRICULTURE. 459who are obliged to
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TEE MIE, OR COMMUNE. 461taiuly rece
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THE MIE, OE COMMUNE. 463both " vill
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MINING AND MANUFACTURES.4G5a more f
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COMMEKCE. 46775,680,000 gallons of
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RAILWAYS.4G9long. Yet, nofcwithstan
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EDUCATION. 471Education.In educatio
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 473s
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GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. 475m
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-•>THE CHURCH—THE ARMY. 477"whi
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THE AKMY AND NAVY. 479Some of the R
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Hibrring,Aalborg,j(suburbYiborg,APP
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AITENDIX. 483EL—COMMERCE.Shipping
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APPENDIX. 485Area axd Population -o
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APPENDIX. 487VI.—MANUFACTORIES NO
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INDEX.Aa River. Kurlfmd, 229Livonia
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INDEX.1U1Frithiof Glacier, 173Frost
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INDEX. 493Mezen, 358Gulf, 343River,
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INDEX. 495Skj&lfjanaifli6t, 34SkjSr
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,'.J'4T"^L._,.'•;--£'in **£%^SS
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"VUNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS-URBA3 0112
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