The universal geography : earth and its inhabitants

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SPITZBEEGEN. 171Jurassic, and even some tertiary, are represented. Miocene deposits near BellSound contain an extensive fossil flora, poplars, alder, hazel, cypress, and plane treesshowing that in this period the climate must have resembled that of ScandinaviaFig. 83.Spitzbergen Archipelago.Scale 1 : 3,400,000.25° I ofP(«\ *S IV^-, ,--• . NcrthC.U yJl> r.Jl. ^ «?(. Scare.r-W cm*EofO^"^SouttJCsp,about the sixtieth parallel. Some of the chalks contain fine marbles. An attempthas been made to work the rich phosphate beds of the Ijs-fiord ;lumps of coal arebrought down by the glaciers; and Blomstrand has discovered carboniferous
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pp-i'"**•••%.
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LIBRARYOF THEr ry of Illinois.
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CITYUOAD.
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ivCONTEXTS.PAOBChap. II. Finland 20
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.ILLUSTRATIONS
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MonasteryLIST OF ILLUSTRATION'S.PAG
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2 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.islands,
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4 TIIE NOKTH-EAST ATLANTIC.The velo
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6THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.boat manne
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8 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.the norma
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110 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.pole to
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12 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.Mohn has
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14 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.opposing
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1GTHE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.constant
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18 THE NOETH-EAST ATLANTIC.THE BALT
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•.'It1,10,I•aTHE NOBTH-EAST ATL
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22 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC.water-li
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ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.I.—
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2GISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.The
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28 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.pe
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80 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.re
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32 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ov
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34 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.no
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36 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.ar
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33 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.Th
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10 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.en
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42 ISLANDS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC.fo
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44 ISLANDS OF THE XOETH ATLANTIC.Mi
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Sudur-Umdaemid46 ISLANDS OF THE NOR
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SCANDINAVIA.CHAPTER I.jEEPER though
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THE TIiNINSULA OP JYLLAND. 49Katteg
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THE PENINSULA OF JYLLAND. 51the mud
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 53a number of l
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THE DANISH ISLANDS. 55— consist o
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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INHABITANTS—PREHISTORIC REMAINS.
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TOPOGRAPHY. 61Topography.All the im
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•COPENHAGEN .THESOUfS t- i i- 6 B
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COPENHAGEN.G3sea, and the land rout
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COPENHAGEN. 65and a model of its ki
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS. 67
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS—OCCUPATIONS.G9e
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ADMINISTRATION—COLONIES. 71Assemb
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CHAPTER II.THE SCANDINAVIAN PENINSU
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nrsiCAL features of noeytay. 75with
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,RARY
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78 SCANDIXAYTA.o-laciers -were cons
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80 M'AXDINAVIA.opening like crevice
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B2SCANDINAVIA.other equally dangero
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JJ50GEDALSF0SSEN, IN THE DISTRICT O
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M SI AXDIXAYIA.insular masses. The
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THE SCANDINAVIAN FIOEDS. £5tills s
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GLACIAL ACTION"—THE ASAR. 87Glaci
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAE, 89in 184
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GLACIAL ACTION—THE ASAR. 01The be
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UPHEAVAL OF THE LAND. 93rather than
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LAKES. 96tops and headlands are now
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LAKES. 97to the Baltic, and no more
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EIYEKS. 99streams as the llhone or
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EIVEKS. 101amount of their rainfall
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CLIMATE. 103by engineers at 225,000
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CLIMATE. 105Cape ; in summer and wi
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CLIMATE. 107Even in the coldest win
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FLORA. 109of new species. The perfu
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FAUNA.Illwant of cheap fuel. In the
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EARLIEST INHABITANTS. 113later or p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 115the p
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THE SWEDES AND NORWEGIANS. 117were
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TYPES AXD COSTUMES IN LAPLAND.
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120 SCANDINAVIA.dependent for his s
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122 SCANDINAVIA.churches, all with
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121 SCAHDINAYIA.the houses are main
Page 168 and 169:
126 SCANDINAVIA.the point where the
Page 170 and 171: 128 SCANDINAVIA.Saugesund guards th
Page 172 and 173: 130 SCANDINAVIA.Spitzbergen and the
Page 174 and 175: 132 SCANDINAVIA.Canal, whose sluice
Page 176 and 177: 13-1 SCANDINAVIA.between the three
Page 178: 13sSCANDINAVIA.Stockholm, capital o
Page 181: -ID>J)AV.ENVIRONS.*"-,;"3j~Zi^^n^"^
Page 184: 138 SCANDINAVIA.and shipping are al
Page 188 and 189: 140 SCANDINAVIA.temple where human
Page 190 and 191: 112 SCANDINAVIA.mining district. Bu
Page 192 and 193: 114 SCANDINAVIA.eruigratiori, which
Page 194 and 195: 146 SCANDINAVIA.also yearly adds ma
Page 196 and 197: 1-18 SCANDINAVIA.by regular parcell
Page 198 and 199: 150 SCANDINAVIA.rodskjaer, each of
Page 200 and 201: 152 SCANDINAVIA.which that of Ammeb
Page 202 and 203: 15JSCANDINAVIA.between Christiania
Page 204 and 205: 156 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish system,
Page 206 and 207: View158 SCANDINAVIA.the exact relat
Page 208 and 209: 1G0SCANDINAVIA.to pass a part of th
Page 210 and 211: 162 SCANDINAVIA.and bailiffs {foged
Page 212 and 213: 164 SCANDINAVIA.The Swedish Church
Page 214 and 215: 106 SCANDINAVIA.The militia of the
Page 216 and 217: THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARCTIC
Page 218 and 219: 170 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AEC
Page 222 and 223: 172 TIIE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE AE
Page 224 and 225: 174 THE EUEOrEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARC
Page 226 and 227: 176 TUE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARC
Page 228 and 229: 178 THE EUROI>EAN ISLANDS OF THE AR
Page 230 and 231: 180 TEE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARC
Page 232: 132 THE EUROPEAN ISLANDS OF THE ARC
Page 238 and 239: 184 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.extensive coas
Page 240 and 241: 18GRUSSIA IX EUEOrE.table-land cros
Page 242 and 243: 138 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.course down st
Page 244 and 245: 190 RUSSIA IX EUEOPE.Black Sea. Sti
Page 246 and 247: 192 RUSSIA IN EUEOl'E.for fifty-fou
Page 248 and 249: 194 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Latin transcri
Page 250 and 251: 190 RUSSIA IN ETJBOPE.old funeral r
Page 252 and 253: 193 BTTSSIA IN EUROPE.But many obje
Page 254 and 255: 200 EUSSIA IN EUEOrB.Lithuanian and
Page 256 and 257: 202 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.involved diffe
Page 258 and 259: 204 RUSSIA IX EUBOPE.before the Rus
Page 260 and 261: 200 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.shed on behalf
Page 262 and 263: 208 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.plains which s
Page 264 and 265: 210 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.under the vege
Page 266 and 267: 212 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Such lacustrin
Page 268 and 269: 214 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.surroundings.
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216 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Ethnology :Tav
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218 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.more civilised
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220 RUSSIA. IN EUROPE.town, doin" -
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222 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.than 6,000 Rus
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224 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.but the want o
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22GKITSSIA IN EUROPE.The national r
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228 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.streams flow e
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, 10230 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.After leav
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232 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Ehstes arc
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234 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.below Drissa,
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23GRUSSIA IX EUROPE.wealthy townsfo
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238 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Swedes, beside
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210 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.down from the
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242 EUSSIA IX EUROPE.century a Duch
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241 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.East. Yet at t
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24GRUSSIA IX BDEOPB.Silesia and Poz
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POLAND. 217Ethnical Elements.— Po
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POLAND. 249in the land. The Jews, a
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POLAND. 251by the peasantry themsel
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1'OLAND : WARSAW. 253and TVieprz, t
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POLAND: TOWNS. 255grounds and subur
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LITHUANIA. 257Physical Features.Fro
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'LITHUANIA. 259lines of erratic bou
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LITHUANIA2G1seaboard between the Vi
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LITHUANIA. 263If, on the oth->r ban
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LITHUANIA.•2
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LITHUANIA. 207interior. It was visi
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TEE CHEENOZOM, OR BLACK LANDS.2C9Dn
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THE STEPPES. 271surrounded only by
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THE DNIEPER. 273bluish fur from tho
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THE DNIEPER. 275the period of Greek
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THE DNIESTER. 277Tnii Dniester (Dne
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THE STEPPES. 270Even lakes Lave com
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LI1IAX3 AXD COAST-LIXE. 281float a
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THE WHITE RUSSIANS. 283possessions
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THE WHITE RUSSIANS. 285and schools
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YOLHYNIA: TOrOGEAPHY. 287French the
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THE LITTLE RUSSIANS AND COSSACKS.2S
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TIIE LITTLE RUSSIANS AND COSSACKS 2
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THE LITTLE RUSSIANS AND COSSACKS. 2
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TIIE COSSACKS. 295suppressed the Li
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FOREIGN COLONIES IN UKEANIA. 297ord
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FOREIGN COLONIES IN UKRANIA. 299and
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jitomir: 301the value of about £6,
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ETEV. 803Severanes, and contains a
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KIEV. 305which stands the church of
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FEREYASLAY. 307the plough of some s
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KBEMEXCHUG-FOLTAYA. 309wretches, wh
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BEBISLAY-KHEBSON. 3119itch, or stat
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"NIKOLAYEV—ODESSA. 313situation o
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ODESSA. 315on the other towards the
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KISHENOY— BENDER. 317the empire,
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CHAPTER VII.REGION OF THE GREAT LAK
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THE REGION OF LAKES. 821the so-call
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THE REGION OF LAKES. 323outflow. Fr
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THE REGION OF LAKES. :;2.-730 west
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THE EEGION OF LAKES. 827of Finland,
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THE REGION OF LAKES: INHABITANTS. 3
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TOROPETZ-SOLTZI. 331still do a year
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NOVGOROD. 333not all equal before t
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"-:-AND ENVIRONS~Kuiriii , ; I, S!
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iSS1A'830IX EUROPE.not one is so ha
Page 422 and 423:
.*„;.L L Lill.Hlll iJ.JBlL .
Page 424 and 425:
338 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.epidemics at t
Page 426 and 427:
340 RUSSIA IN EUBOl'E.the sea, and
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342 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.continued east
Page 430 and 431:
844 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.the peat beds,
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346 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.found both in
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348 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.when the ice f
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350 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.that however d
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352 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.neighbouring g
Page 442 and 443:
8.14 EUSSIA IN EUEOPE.The Pomori, o
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356 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Vologda, on th
Page 446 and 447:
358 RUSSIA Ds EUROPE.unimportant pl
Page 448 and 449:
300 RUSSIA IK EUROPE.Although frequ
Page 450 and 451:
3G2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.or rusty hues o
Page 452:
364 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.The Volga and
Page 456 and 457:
3GGRUSSIA IN EUEOrE.equal volume, a
Page 458 and 459:
Two hundred years ago the navigable
Page 460 and 461:
370 RUSSIA E\ T EUKOPE.south, and r
Page 462 and 463:
372 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.The actual lev
Page 464 and 465:
871 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Yelton, the Al
Page 466 and 467:
876 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.is reached fro
Page 468 and 469:
378 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.more than 4,00
Page 470 and 471:
880 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.imperial race,
Page 472 and 473:
3S2RUSSIA IN EUROPE.communes and va
Page 474 and 475:
S8-4 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Great Rus
Page 476 and 477:
386 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.stamped papers
Page 478 and 479:
388 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.beginning to r
Page 480 and 481:
390 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.amount annuall
Page 484 and 485:
TYl'ES AND COSTUilES IN TULA.
Page 486 and 487:
302 RUSSIA IN EUROPEthe advantage o
Page 488:
304 EUSSIA IN EUEOPE.nearly 10 mile
Page 492 and 493:
396 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.the control of
Page 494:
898 RUSSIA IN EUROrE.near the point
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400 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.kingdom, on th
Page 502 and 503:
402 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.of a temporary
Page 504 and 505:
404 RUSSIA IX EUBOPE.upon he takes
Page 506 and 507:
406 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.munities in th
Page 508 and 509:
408 EUSSIA IN EUEOPE.much the same
Page 510 and 511:
410 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.on the right b
Page 512 and 513:
-412 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.In the snowy
Page 514:
414 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Lower Volga Ba
Page 518 and 519:
41GEUSSIA IN EUROPE.land, burning t
Page 520 and 521:
418 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.present it is
Page 522 and 523:
420 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Astrakhan, cap
Page 524 and 525:
CHAPTER X.BASIN OF THE DON.-SEA OF
Page 526 and 527:
424 RUSSIA IN EUBOPE.connecting the
Page 528 and 529:
-12(5RUSSIA IN EUROPE.which at the
Page 530 and 531:
428 RUSSIA IN EUEOPE.water is salt,
Page 532 and 533:
430 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.from the Sivac
Page 534 and 535:
432 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Muscovite colo
Page 536 and 537:
434 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.the scattered
Page 538 and 539:
43GKUSSIA IN EUEOrE.attracting larg
Page 540 and 541:
II438 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.the Governme
Page 542:
4 40 EUSSIA IN EUROPE.A far better
Page 545:
S E V A STO PO LA
Page 548 and 549:
442 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Geological For
Page 550 and 551:
444 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.thus thrown up
Page 552:
446 RUSSIA IX EUROPE.Inhabitants.Li
Page 556:
448 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.their honesty,
Page 560:
450 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.1864. But sinc
Page 566 and 567:
CHAPTER XII.MATERIAL AND SOCIAL CON
Page 568 and 569:
454 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.The Russians g
Page 570 and 571:
456 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.Most of the to
Page 572 and 573:
WhiteLakes458 KUSSIA IN EUEOPE.Indu
Page 574 and 575:
400 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.seed, the tota
Page 576 and 577:
4G2RUSSIA IN ETJEOPE.At the same ti
Page 578 and 579:
4C1RUSSIA IX EUROPE.becomes a villa
Page 580 and 581:
4GGRUSSIA IN EUROPE.the tallow indu
Page 582 and 583:
466 RUSSIA IN EUKOrE.2,000 Ions, th
Page 584 and 585:
470 EUSSIA IN EUEOrE.it is surpasse
Page 586 and 587:
472 BUSSIA IN EUROPE.science is als
Page 588 and 589:
171 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.the charitable
Page 590 and 591:
470 KTTSSIA IN EUROPE.the uprava, o
Page 592 and 593:
478 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.war. Before 18
Page 594 and 595:
480 RUSSIA IN EUROPE.to £2,000,000
Page 596 and 597:
482 APPEXDIX.n.—COMMEECE.Mercanti
Page 598 and 599:
484 A1TEXDIX.THE EUSSIAN EMPIEE.I.
Page 600 and 601:
48GAPPENDIX.Religions in the Russia
Page 602 and 603:
48SAPPENDIX.THE FT SSI AN NAVY.Balt
Page 604 and 605:
490 INDEX.Brunkebergs 5s, 91Brzcnzi
Page 606 and 607:
1Kranholm492 INDEX.Kara-Kalpaks, 29
Page 608 and 609:
494 INDEX.Pinsk, 287Marsh, 271Poitr
Page 610:
496 INDEX.Vardo, 129Varduhus, 168Va
Page 615 and 616:
1%'~Mm>wmm ®Mmm^m^mSm^t:
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