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had them in their power, the greater number of them were branded bycommand of Xerxes with the royal marks, beginning with their leaderLeontiades, the same whose son Eurymachos was afterwards slain by thePlataians, when he had been made commander of four hundred Thebans andhad seized the city of the Plataians.[235]234. Thus did the Hellenes at Thermopylai contend in fight; and Xerxessummoned Demaratos and inquired of him, having first said this:"Demaratos, thou art a good man; and this I conclude by the truth ofthy words, for all that thou saidest turned out so as thou didst say.Now, however, tell me how many in number are the remainingLacedemonians, and of them how many are like these in matters of war;or are they so even all of them?" He said: "O king, the number of allthe Lacedemonians is great and their cities are many, but that whichthou desirest to learn, thou shalt know. There is in Lacedemon thecity of Sparta, having about eight thousand men; and these are allequal to those who fought here: the other Lacedemonians are not equalto these, but they are good men too." To this Xerxes said: "Demaratos,in what manner shall we with least labour get the better of these men?Come set forth to us this; for thou knowest the courses of theircounsels,[236] seeing that thou wert once their king." 235. He madeanswer: "O king, if thou dost in very earnest take counsel with me, itis right that I declare to thee the best thing. What if thou shouldestsend three hundred ships from thy fleet to attack the Laconian land?Now there is lying near it an island named Kythera, about whichChilon, who was a very wise man among us, said that it would be agreater gain for the Spartans that it should be sunk under the seathan that it should remain above it; for he always anticipated thatsomething would happen from it of such a kind as I am now settingforth to thee: not that he knew of thy armament beforehand, but thathe feared equally every armament of men. Let thy forces then set forthfrom this island and keep the Lacedemonians in fear; and while theyhave a war of their own close at their doors, there will be no fearfor thee from them that when the remainder of Hellas is beingconquered by the land-army, they will come to the rescue there. Thenafter the remainder of Hellas has been reduced to subjection, fromthat moment the Lacedemonian power will be left alone and thereforefeeble. If however thou shalt not do this, I will tell thee what thoumust look for. There is a narrow isthmus leading to the Peloponnese,and in this place thou must look that other battles will be foughtmore severe than those which have taken place, seeing that all thePeloponnesians have sworn to a league against thee: but if thou shaltdo the other thing of which I spoke, this isthmus and the citieswithin it will come over to thy side without a battle." 236. After himspoke Achaimenes, brother of Xerxes and also commander of the fleet,who chanced to have been present at this discourse and was afraid lest
Xerxes should be persuaded to do this: "O king," he said, "I see thatthou art admitting the speech of a man who envies thy good fortune, oris even a traitor to thy cause: for in truth the Hellenes delight insuch a temper as this; they envy a man for his good luck, and theyhate that which is stronger than themselves. And if, besides othermisfortunes which we have upon us, seeing that four hundred of ourships[237] have suffered wreck, thou shalt send away another threehundred from the station of the fleet to sail round Peloponnese, thenthy antagonists become a match for thee in fight; whereas while it isall assembled together our fleet is hard for them to deal with, andthey will not be at all a match for thee: and moreover the whole seaforcewill support the land-force and be supported by it, if theyproceed onwards together; but if thou shalt divide them, neither wiltthou be of service to them nor they to thee. My determination israther to set thy affairs in good order[238] and not to consider theaffairs of the enemy, either where they will set on foot the war orwhat they will do or how many in number they are; for it is sufficientthat they should themselves take thought for themselves, and we forourselves likewise: and if the Lacedemonians come to stand against thePersians in fight, they will assuredly not heal the wound from whichthey are now suffering."[239] 237. To him Xerxes made answer asfollows: "Achaimenes, I think that thou speakest well, and so will Ido; but Demaratos speaks that which he believes to be best for me,though his opinion is defeated by thine: for I will not certainlyadmit that which thou saidest, namely that he is not well-disposed tomy cause, judging both by what was said by him before this, and alsoby that which is the truth, namely that though one citizen enviesanother for his good fortune and shows enmity to him by hissilence,[240] nor would a citizen when a fellow-citizen consulted himsuggest that which seemed to him the best, unless he had attained to agreat height of virtue, and such men doubtless are few; yet guestfriendto guest-friend in prosperity is well-disposed as nothing elseon earth, and if his friend should consult him, he would give him thebest counsel. Thus then as regards the evil-speaking againstDemaratos, that is to say about one who is my guest-friend, I bidevery one abstain from it in the future."238. Having thus said Xerxes passed in review the bodies of the dead;and as for Leonidas, hearing that he had been the king and commanderof the Lacedemonians he bade them cut off his head and crucify him.And it has been made plain to me by many proofs besides, but by nonemore strongly than by this, that king Xerxes was enraged with Leonidaswhile alive more than with any other man on earth; for otherwise hewould never have done this outrage to his corpse; since of all the menwhom I know, the Persians are accustomed most to honour those who aregood men in war. They then to whom it was appointed to do these
Page 1 and 2:
THE HISTORY OF HERODOTUSTranslated
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esult will therefore be open to cri
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that Io came to Egypt, not agreeing
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five hundred and five years, handin
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the silver he offered a vast quanti
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so on fact it happened; for when th
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while his native State was prospero
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touching my son, make no further me
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to this he had now been the destroy
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three talents and a half were melte
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settled at Plakia and Skylake in th
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was very indignant that he should b
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him great worship. So then, as migh
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Lacedemonians through his messenger
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Alyattes would not give up the Scyt
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portent, as indeed it was: and fort
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the victory for themselves, the one
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with all monarchs." Then, since his
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fruits of spoil which he had won fr
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dearth over the whole of Lydia; and
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circle are the royal palace and the
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Asia, and by their unruliness and r
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screaming, which was adorned with g
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mother was living with him still as
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danger to me. Nevertheless give cou
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Perseïd[134] kings. But other Pers
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they sacrifice to the Sun and the M
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own son. 138. Whatever things it is
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number of them are ashamed of the n
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of the same race as they; and in Te
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changed the whole manner of their l
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attlement of their wall and dedicat
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according to equality of age or fri
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cuirass[182] for the town, and anot
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well furnished[192] from home with
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y the coming up of the river itself
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since the time when being conquered
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along by it, which is of all mounta
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him well, if the crossing over to g
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horses (for they have both fashions
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[19] Tarentum.[20] {en toisi edolio
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[57] {umin}, as if both Oracles wer
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Lacedemonians) in the matter of Teg
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Mediterranean.[111] i.e. nature wou
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stated by Stein.)[142] {ekhomenon,
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[172] {autokhthonas epeirotas}.[173
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from himself (i.e. backs water), to
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a shepherd to bring up at the place
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elonging to Arabia stretches along
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theirs is, they said that the Helle
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distinction. The god however did no
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all rivers, not having rain and bei
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wherever this was, there would they
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opposite to other men in almost all
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differently for different sacrifice
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were in it two pillars,[47] the one
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Melampus then is he who taught of t
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ade the Libyans to make an Oracle o
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and I am of opinion that many even
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creature which is at peace with him
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*****77. Of the Egyptians themselve
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they die are not given at once to b
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produced, I think that I perceive.
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iver, for the side towards the East
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a man cut in the rock, of four cubi
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112. After him, they said, there su
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Dwelling in Egypt, the land where t
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wishing to store his wealth in safe
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who had been caught in a trap in th
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clothing for the workmen, seeing th
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inging his life to a swift close;[1
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whenever any man of the Egyptians c
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generations of men are equal to ten
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that he of them who should pour a l
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out to receive the wine he proceede
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charge and preserved him, concealin
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slaughter of them, and he might the
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attle then, I say, he was worsted,
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not lie. 175. First in Saïs he bui
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thou hast given me drugs, and thou
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[20] We do not know whether these m
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[45] {baris}, cp. ch. 96.[46] Or, "
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[74] {sindonos bussines}.[75] {to k
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[103] Cp. vii. 152.[104] {elasai},
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[130] {kai toutous allous}, i.e. as
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[154] Or, according to a few MSS.,
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the Serbonian lake, along the side
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Persians were lying apart on one si
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known how to keep himself from medd
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in proportion to his stature, this
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came to an end completely; and then
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31. This they say was the first beg
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he condemned twelve of the Persians
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with their forces, and conquered th
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sheds, keeping them ready so that,
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their houses or converse with him s
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57. Those of the Samians who had ma
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upon Prexaspes and said: "Prexaspes
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you, and moreover that each man of
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These then having come together, be
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last what great benefits he had con
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endering any account of his acts? E
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agreement with him on those terms,
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all his affairs like a shopkeeper,
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those[84] who dwell about Nysa, whi
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it produces much greater heat than
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sides of mountains, which man can f
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with his wife. Accordingly Intaphre
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desire, it seems, for wealth, he fi
Page 225 and 226:
the Persians who are in Sardis to s
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deed, while thou art still young; s
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from Asia to Hellas, and for the re
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144. So when the Persians arrived a
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army by gestures and by words; and
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assuredly that he was speaking the
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[15] {pentakosias mneas}.[16] {anek
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[44] {tauta ta nun ekhon presseis}:
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equired, not only by the facts of t
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Editors is omitted, and by others a
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[131] {sageneusantes}: see vi. 31.
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Traspians, and from the youngest of
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esolved to die and to be laid in th
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and beyond the Neuroi towards the N
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not admit at all as true. However,
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Carystians are those who bring them
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into Libya, Asia, and Europe, since
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46. Now the region of the Euxine up
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53. Fourth is the river Borysthenes
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cattle, but especially horses.62. T
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swear falsely, and complains indign
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much superior. This grows both of i
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stone: on this house Zeus[79a] caus
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which the Hellenes say formerly mov
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this appointed place: and when the
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99. Now in front of Scythia in the
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customary law. They are nomads and
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women do none of these things which
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were to move on straight for the co
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captured or laid waste, and so join
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slight regard for us, and I perceiv
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destroyed the pastures for horses i
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Theras the son of Autesion, the son
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man to contend. And the Samians set
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itself at a spot opposite the islan
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gathering every one together by a p
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the island of Platea as far as the
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180. Next to these Machlyans are th
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185. As far as these Atlantians I a
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small snakes, each with one horn: t
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city, proposing to the inhabitants
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the coasts of Asia Minor; see i. 10
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[29] i.e. "Black-cloaks."[30] {'Arg
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[63] {upo ton kheimonon}.[64] {akin
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and the spelling in other writers v
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[125] Or, "and even so they found t
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months, before one of which the chi
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horse, and a dog against a dog. The
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11. Meanwhile Dareios, so soon as h
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17. So then those of the Paionians
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that of the first.[11]23. Thus then
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men.30. The Parians then had thus r
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the money which the Persians had br
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all that thou givest now and at the
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he set forth and accompanied Dorieo
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of explaining any further about the
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them into Hellas. Also the Ionians
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of Peisistratos were captured, whil
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Isagoras, as he was being worsted i
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the Dorians had come to Attica, twi
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at that time there were no olives i
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Carian, for the old Hellenic fashio
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were called Bacchiadai, had control
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anxious to hear the counsel which h
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97. While they had these thoughts a
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track and came up with them at Ephe
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the events were happening which her
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undermining the wall round.116. The
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still, if he should be forced to le
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{akrozumos}, "slightly leavened," a
Page 365 and 366:
{anetheken elon}, {anetheken ion},
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y most Editors, make it "Sosicles."
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all.4. After this Histiaios acting
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free or slaves, and slaves too to b
Page 373 and 374:
Phenicia; and having there sunk mer
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Zanclaians escaped from Incyos to H
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32. Then the commanders of the Pers
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axe in the City Hall by a man who p
Page 381 and 382:
fell upon them a violent North Wind
Page 383 and 384:
that time resolved according to est
Page 385 and 386:
property, namely who ought to have
Page 387 and 388:
ore him that Demaratos of whom we w
Page 389 and 390:
efore and had lain with me and give
Page 391 and 392:
went on cutting his flesh lengthway
Page 393 and 394:
would have been conqueror of the ci
Page 395 and 396:
ut I desire to recollect and do all
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hundred talents and be free from th
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and Athens, they began to besiege t
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magistrates he said: "Lacedemonians
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do not, I expect that some great sp
Page 405 and 406:
whose beard overshadowed his whole
Page 407 and 408:
after him they became very greatly
Page 409 and 410:
the thought that Hippocleides shoul
Page 411 and 412:
Miltiades up before the people clai
Page 413 and 414:
Miltiades took possession of Lemnos
Page 415 and 416:
apeontos} refers perhaps rather to
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74. {bouleuesthe}: some MSS. and ed
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108. The account of how the oil was
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made use of the suggestion of Demar
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purposing to make an expedition aga
Page 425 and 426:
eported to be excellent both by sea
Page 427 and 428:
quarrel, but the question before us
Page 429 and 430:
more if I take my rest in thy bed t
Page 431 and 432:
succession: moreover those who dwel
Page 433 and 434:
my estates of land." 29. Thus he sa
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opes were heavier in proportion,[38
Page 437 and 438:
emaining nine thousand were within
Page 439 and 440:
ule men and not men the accidents.
Page 441 and 442:
they call /akinakes/: but whether h
Page 443 and 444: their commander Otanes the father o
Page 445 and 446: who was the son of Dareios and Arty
Page 447 and 448: iron. 85. There are also certain no
Page 449 and 450: to stay in their place and be guard
Page 451 and 452: Lacedemonians alone: of these I say
Page 453 and 454: together a great pyre, and he cut t
Page 455 and 456: zealous to serve him in the war and
Page 457 and 458: from Aineia, with which name I brou
Page 459 and 460: that which they desired to guard ag
Page 461 and 462: it had been fully satisfied, so muc
Page 463 and 464: Holdeth within, and the dark ravine
Page 465 and 466: guard, enjoining them, if they shou
Page 467 and 468: it is fitting that ye keep still an
Page 469 and 470: for the common people of Syracuse,
Page 471 and 472: made these offers, and the envoy of
Page 473 and 474: 167. Moreover there is also this st
Page 475 and 476: which the Cretans proved not the mo
Page 477 and 478: Thesprotians to settle in the Aioli
Page 479 and 480: myriads and also in addition to the
Page 481 and 482: lay at anchor, I am not able to say
Page 483 and 484: 197. When Xerxes had reached Alos o
Page 485 and 486: Trachis.204. Of these troops, altho
Page 487 and 488: incredible, and he asked again a se
Page 489 and 490: night, having on their right hand t
Page 491 and 492: the Hellenes with Leonidas, feeling
Page 493: the rest,--when they might, I say,
Page 497 and 498: 5. {aphanizoiato}, representing the
Page 499 and 500: from the Hellespont, that is presen
Page 501 and 502: 60. {tesi Aiguptiesi}, apparently {
Page 503 and 504: they were of one mind together"; bu
Page 505 and 506: troubles," but that would hardly su
Page 507 and 508: {meta Samion}, "together with the S
Page 509 and 510: doubtful, but the introduction of t
Page 511 and 512: 218. Lit. "had set out to go at fir
Page 513 and 514: e placed in the charge of the Athen
Page 515 and 516: attack the Barbarians, desiring to
Page 517 and 518: e turned to flight by so few ships.
Page 519 and 520: the dispositions which he made befo
Page 521 and 522: 31. When these words were reported,
Page 523 and 524: ocks which fell from Parnassos were
Page 525 and 526: the land of the Amprakiots and Leuc
Page 527 and 528: sacrifice, saw when they had gone u
Page 529 and 530: overthrow of Hellas, for upon the s
Page 531 and 532: ight that I set forth the opinion w
Page 533 and 534: work, were yet dismayed, not fearin
Page 535 and 536: Hellenes would not come to a battle
Page 537 and 538: good fortune and got for herself go
Page 539 and 540: an expedition against Athens. She t
Page 541 and 542: 100. As regards the Persians this w
Page 543 and 544: his livelihood by the most impious
Page 545 and 546:
casting down the images of the gods
Page 547 and 548:
and the sons of Heracles of Sparta
Page 549 and 550:
Isthmus, which remained there still
Page 551 and 552:
He then in such a manner as this ha
Page 553 and 554:
following reason:--Amphiaraos deali
Page 555 and 556:
son of Amyntas, Amyntas was the son
Page 557 and 558:
appear before the Athenians with an
Page 559 and 560:
19. {neou}.20. {os anarpasomenoi to
Page 561 and 562:
53. See ch. 22.54. {pros de eti kai
Page 563 and 564:
individual selection.84. {ouden mer
Page 565 and 566:
BOOK IXTHE NINTH BOOK OF THE HISTOR
Page 567 and 568:
now ye make no account of the Athen
Page 569 and 570:
14. Mardonios then was retiring out
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ack, for so Mardonios had commanded
Page 573 and 574:
Erythrai, both for other reasons an
Page 575 and 576:
thousand Helots serving as light-ar
Page 577 and 578:
had made to be one of their own peo
Page 579 and 580:
flowing in every day and that he wo
Page 581 and 582:
the guards stayed at their posts, s
Page 583 and 584:
they chanced to be posted, while th
Page 585 and 586:
following the commands which were g
Page 587 and 588:
cheated of their hope: 62, and whil
Page 589 and 590:
Phliasians and those near them went
Page 591 and 592:
Athenians in this battle; and of hi
Page 593 and 594:
80. He having heard this went his w
Page 595 and 596:
equal to the first; and if the Theb
Page 597 and 598:
feed by a river[103] running from M
Page 599 and 600:
one was seen to put out against the
Page 601 and 602:
Persians were still fighting, the L
Page 603 and 604:
the customary rites, he went away t
Page 605 and 606:
while the Athenians and Xanthippos
Page 607 and 608:
ugged, let us change from it and in
Page 609 and 610:
30. {peri andra ekaston}.31. i.e. 3
Page 611 and 612:
66. {anoploi}, by which evidently m
Page 613 and 614:
Ephesian, was he who buried it." Th
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