Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Invasive ...

<strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Third</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Invasive SpartinaChapter 2: Spartina Distribution and SpreadLag times <strong>of</strong>fer a transient opportunity for management<strong>of</strong> invasive species. However, lag times can induce a falsesense <strong>of</strong> security about <strong>the</strong> threat from exotic plants so <strong>the</strong>y<strong>of</strong>ten go unnoticed and uncontrolled until <strong>the</strong> invader beginsto spread aggressively (Parker 2004). These studies raise <strong>the</strong>possibility <strong>of</strong> pollen limitation in o<strong>the</strong>r wind-pollinatedspecies. It is an open question whe<strong>the</strong>r this is a commonphenomenon, or whe<strong>the</strong>r it is more likely to be found amongpopulations that are actively declining or expanding.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe are grateful to <strong>the</strong> Washington State Departments <strong>of</strong>Natural Resources, Fish and Wildlife and Agriculture and<strong>the</strong>ir employees for <strong>the</strong> facilitation <strong>of</strong> this research. We alsothank <strong>the</strong> U.C. Davis “Spartina Lab,” all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> volunteers,editors, reviewers and <strong>the</strong> organizers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Third</strong> AnnualInvasive Spartina <strong>Conference</strong>. This work was funded by <strong>the</strong>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Science toAchieve Results (STAR) program, <strong>the</strong> National ScienceFoundation (NSF) Biocomplexity Grant program (P.I. A.Hastings), a Washington State Sea Grant and <strong>the</strong> NSFIntegrative Graduate Education and Research Trainee(IGERT) program.REFERENCESAllee, W.C. 1931. Animal Aggregations, a Study in General Sociology.University <strong>of</strong> Chicago Press: Chicago.Bar<strong>the</strong>ll, J.F., J.M. Randall, R.W. Thorp & A.M. Wenner. 2001.Promotion <strong>of</strong> seed set in yellow star-thistle by honey bees: evidence<strong>of</strong> an invasive mutualism. Ecological Applications11:1870-1883.Burd, M. 1994. Bateman’s principle and plant reproduction: <strong>the</strong>role <strong>of</strong> pollen limitation in fruit and seed set. Botanical Review60, 83-139.Davis, H.G., C.M. Taylor, J.C. Civille & D.R. Strong. 2004a. AnAllee effect at <strong>the</strong> front <strong>of</strong> a plant invasion: Spartina in a Pacificestuary. Journal <strong>of</strong> Ecology 92:321-327.Davis, H.G., C.M. Taylor, J.G. Lambrinos & D.R. Strong. 2004b.Pollen limitation causes an Allee effect in a wind-pollinated invasivegrass (Spartina alterniflora). <strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> NationalAcademy <strong>of</strong> Sciences USA 101:13804-13807.Davis, H.G. 2005. r-Selected traits in an invasive population. EvolutionaryEcology 19:255-274.Kowarik, I. 1995. Time lags in biological invasions with regard to<strong>the</strong> success and failure <strong>of</strong> alien species. In Plant Invasions: GeneralAspects and Special Problems, eds. Pysek, P., Prach, K., Rejmánek,M. & Wade, M. SPB Academic: Amsterdam, pp. 15-38.Larson, B.M.H. & S.C.H. Barrett. 2000. A comparative analysis <strong>of</strong>pollen limitation in flowering plants. Biological Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Linnean Society 69:503-520.Parker, I.M. 1997. Pollinator limitation <strong>of</strong> Cytisus scoparius, aninvasive exotic shrub. Ecology 78:1457-70.Parker, I.M. 2004. Mating patterns and rates <strong>of</strong> biological invasion.<strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences USA101:13695-13696.Taylor, C.M., H.G. Davis, J.C. Civille, F.S.Grevstad and A. Hastings.2004. Consequences <strong>of</strong> an Allee effect in an invasive plant:Spartina alterniflora in Willapa Bay, Washington. Ecology85:3254-3266.Taylor, C.M., A. Hastings, H.G. Davis, J.C. Civille, and F.S.Grevstad. 2010. Modeling <strong>the</strong> spread and control <strong>of</strong> Spartina alterniflorain a Pacific Estuary. In: Ayres, D.R., D.W. Kerr, S.D.Ericson and P.R. Ol<strong>of</strong>son, eds. <strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Third</strong> <strong>International</strong><strong>Conference</strong> on Invasive Spartina, 2004 Nov 8-10, SanFrancisco, CA, USA. San Francisco Estuary Invasive SpartinaProject <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> California State Coastal Conservancy: Oakland,CA (this volume).Woodhouse, W.W. 1979. Building Saltmarshes along <strong>the</strong> Coasts <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> Continental United States. Special report no. 4. Army Corps<strong>of</strong> Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Belvoir,Virginia.-93-