Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Invasive ...
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Invasive ...
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Invasive ...
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<str<strong>on</strong>g>Proceedings</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Third</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Invasive</strong> SpartinaChapter 2: Spartina Distributi<strong>on</strong> and SpreadBroad cover-class boundaries also c<strong>on</strong>tribute toimprecisi<strong>on</strong>. For example, if a polyg<strong>on</strong> area is within a coverclass, e.g. 10-30%, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>n it is assigned <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> midpoint <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>class, 15% in this example. In both 2001 and 2003 CogswellMarsh fell within cover class 10-30%. Ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re was nochange in cover between 2001 and 2003 or <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> differencewas not large enough for 2003 to be assigned to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> nextlarger class. Thus, a trend <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> expansi<strong>on</strong> or c<strong>on</strong>tracti<strong>on</strong> willbe detected <strong>on</strong>ly when it crosses a cover class boundary.However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cover classes are useful for determining anapproximate infestati<strong>on</strong> level and can be used to prioritizeremoval efforts.Accuracy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Field Identificati<strong>on</strong>Genetic tests were also performed to c<strong>on</strong>firm speciesidentificati<strong>on</strong> by field staff at each <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> InventoryM<strong>on</strong>itoring Sites. The genetic tests c<strong>on</strong>firmed that field staffwere accurately identifying both S. alterniflora hybrids(89%) and S. foliosa (100%). The samples labeled as“unknown” or “unidentifiable” by field staff were found justas likely to be hybrids as S. foliosa (55%-45%).Trained field biologists can accurately identify <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>majority <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> n<strong>on</strong>-native Spartina plants, but genetic testing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ambiguous hybrid specimens is necessary to reduce <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> risk<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> overlooking n<strong>on</strong>-natives and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir hybrids.EfficacyPost-treatment m<strong>on</strong>itoring was d<strong>on</strong>e at five sites thatwere treated in 2002 and pre-treatment m<strong>on</strong>itoring wasd<strong>on</strong>e at seven sites. Manual removal (digging) <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> S.densiflora at Piper Park was effective; however, a number<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> divots remained visible in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> marsh plain severalm<strong>on</strong>ths after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cl<strong>on</strong>es were removed. It is uncertain howl<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se features will remain in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> marsh and it isunclear what effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>y may have <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> quality <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>marsh habitat. We observed that volunteer removal effortsare excellent for public outreach, but it was frequentlynecessary for organizers and ISP staff to complete workbegun by volunteers.Cl<strong>on</strong>es in Bolinas Lago<strong>on</strong> and Point Reyes that hadbeen dug or trampled and covered were reduced by 95%.However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cl<strong>on</strong>e that was dug out in Bolinas Lago<strong>on</strong>c<strong>on</strong>tinued to produce some shoots around <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> cl<strong>on</strong>e edgethat required pulling. A single cl<strong>on</strong>e at Pier 98, which hadbeen partially dug out and covered with geo-textile fabricby volunteers, had a number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> remaining shoots thatrequired fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r c<strong>on</strong>trol. Cl<strong>on</strong>es must be entirely coveredfor <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> treatment to be effective. Roots and rhizomesshould be c<strong>on</strong>firmed dead as was d<strong>on</strong>e at Point Reyesbefore uncovering treated cl<strong>on</strong>es. Preliminary posttreatmentm<strong>on</strong>itoring <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Emeryville treatment site thatwas mowed in 2002 indicated no noticeable treatmenteffect.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSData from 28 sites showed that n<strong>on</strong>-native Spartinaspecies are spreading at a rapid rate in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> San Francisco BayEstuary. Between 2000-2001 and 2003, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> average percentincrease in area covered by all n<strong>on</strong>-native Spartina speciesin <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Estuary was 244%, and by hybrids, 317%. Some siteshad several hundred percent increases. While hybridsincreased in area at all site types, spread was greatest forfringing tidal marshes, mudflats, and estuarine beaches (SiteType II). There was a slight trend in increase <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> hybrid coverwith latitude (south to north trend). Aerial photo areameasurements were compared with field measurements atfive sites where both methods were used in 2003. There wasno difference in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> mean coverage between methods, butgiven <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> small sample size and that no regressi<strong>on</strong>relati<strong>on</strong>ship was found, aerial photo interpretati<strong>on</strong>measurements should be used with cauti<strong>on</strong> to estimate fieldmeasurements for a single site. The increasingly rapid rate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>spread <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina, in particular hybrids, c<strong>on</strong>tinues tothreaten existing habitat and species assemblages andpotentially threatens <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> success <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong>going and plannedrestorati<strong>on</strong> projects within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> San Francisco Estuary andouter coast marshes. Successful c<strong>on</strong>trol will <strong>on</strong>ly beachieved with dedicati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> adequate resources, attenti<strong>on</strong> t<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ollowing protocols completely, and follow-up m<strong>on</strong>itoringand periodic re-treatment as needed.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSFunding for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> M<strong>on</strong>itoring Program was provided by<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> California Coastal C<strong>on</strong>servancy and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> CalFed BayDelta Program (Interagency agreement 4600001875).Thank you to Alex Lee who performed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> geneticanalyses and to Aimee Good, Johanna Good, TrippMcCandlish, Erik Grijalva, numerous landowners,managers, and stakeholders for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir able assistance with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>fieldwork. We also thank Peggy Ol<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>s<strong>on</strong>, Director <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project, and Patricia Bossak and MaxeneSpellman <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> California Coastal C<strong>on</strong>servancy for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>iradministrative and staff assistance. Peggy Ol<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>s<strong>on</strong> andOliver Burke deserve special thanks for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir editorialassistance.REFERENCESAnttila, C.K, A.R. King, C. Ferris, D.R. Ayres, and D.R. Str<strong>on</strong>g.2000. Reciprocal hybrid formati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina in San FranciscoBay. Molecular Ecology 9:765-771.Anttila, C.K., C.C. Daehler, N.E. Rank, and D.R Str<strong>on</strong>g. 1998.Greater male fitness <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a rare invader (Spartina alterniflora,Poaceae) threatens a comm<strong>on</strong> native (S. foliosa) with hybridizati<strong>on</strong>.American Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Botany 85:1597-1601.ArcView 3.3 (2002). Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Systems Research Institute,Inc. (ESRI), 380 New York Street, Redlands, California.http://www.esri.com.Ayres, D.R., K. Zaremba, C.M. Sloop, D.R.Str<strong>on</strong>g. 2008. Sexualreproducti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> cordgrass hybrids (Spartina foliosa x al--81-