<str<strong>on</strong>g>Proceedings</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Third</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Invasive</strong> SpartinaChapter 3: Ecosystem Effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Invasive</strong> SpartinaInundati<strong>on</strong> Time vs. Tidal Height0.80Inundati<strong>on</strong> Time (%)0.750.700.650.600.550.500.450.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2Tidal Height (m)Fig. 4. Plot <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> inundati<strong>on</strong> time (%) calculated from c<strong>on</strong>tinuous tidalheight data relative to estimated elevati<strong>on</strong> from LIDAR data.Fig. 3. LIDAR image <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Robert’s Landing showing lower extent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> hybridSpartina distributi<strong>on</strong> (grey) and invertebrate sampling points al<strong>on</strong>g transects(dots).y = -0.0006x² + 0.3889x + 56.787, R² = 0.1713 (2)The high abundances at intermediate tidal elevati<strong>on</strong>swere due to high numbers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> small juvenile clams (> 1 mm)that did not c<strong>on</strong>tribute very significant biomass. When weanalyzed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> data by phyla, we found that annelids, mollusksand crustaceans generally showed similar patterns. Annelidsalso showed a substantial decline in biomass with tidalelevati<strong>on</strong>:y = -0.0165x + 13.624, R 2 =0.12 (3)Molluscs and crustaceans showed a similar but morevariable decline (R 2
Chapter 3: Ecosystem Effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina<str<strong>on</strong>g>Proceedings</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Third</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartinainvaded by hybrid Spartina could see a potential eightfoldincrease at Elsie Roemer and a fourfold expansi<strong>on</strong> atRobert’s Landing. We emphasize that this is likely to be anupper estimate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> area invaded, given that it assumes thathybrid Spartina could withstand being inundatedapproximately 75% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> time, which is bey<strong>on</strong>d currentestimates <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> tidal inundati<strong>on</strong> tolerance. However, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>seestimates are based in part <strong>on</strong> present distributi<strong>on</strong>s, whichare subject to change. These estimates also do not c<strong>on</strong>siderthat this tolerance may be under str<strong>on</strong>g selecti<strong>on</strong> and mayevolve significantly over time. In any case, our data suggestthat much <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> most important foraging habitat formigratory shorebirds in San Francisco Bay that lies between0.6-1.1 m MLLW may be lost over <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> next several years.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe would like to thank R. Blake, C. Love, U. Mahl, and C.Tyler for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir help and labor.REFERENCESAyres, D.R., D.L. Smith, K. Zaremba, S. Klohr, and D.R. Str<strong>on</strong>g.2004. Spread <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> exotic cordgrasses and hybrids (Spartina sp.) in<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> tidal marshes <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> San Francisco Bay, California, USA.Biological Invasi<strong>on</strong>s 6:221-231.Cohen, A.N. and J.T. Carlt<strong>on</strong>. 1998. Accelerating invasi<strong>on</strong> rate in ahighly invaded estuary. Science 279:555-558.Daelher, C.C., and D.R. Str<strong>on</strong>g. 1997. Hybridizati<strong>on</strong> betweenintroduced smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora; Poaceae)and native California cordgrass (S. foliosa) in San Francisco Bay,California, USA. American Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Botany 84:607-611.Goss-Custard, J.D., and M.E. Moser. 1988. Rates <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> change in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>numbers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Dunlin Calidris-alpina wintering in British estuariesin relati<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> spread <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina anglica. Journal <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> AppliedEcology 25:95-110.Levin, L.A., C. Neira and E.D. Grosholz. 2006. <strong>Invasive</strong> cordgrassmodifies wetland trophic functi<strong>on</strong>. Ecology 87:419-432.Neira, C., L.A. Levin, and E.D. Grosholz. 2005. Benthicmacr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>aunal communities <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> three Spartina-hybrid invaded sitesin San Francisco Bay, with comparis<strong>on</strong> to uninvaded habitats.Marine Ecology Progress Series 292:111-126.Neira, C., E.D. Grosholz, L.A. Levin, and R. Blake. 2006.Mechanisms generating modificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> benthos following tidalflat invasi<strong>on</strong> by a Spartina (alterniflora x foliosa) hybrid.Ecological Applicati<strong>on</strong>s 16:1391-1404.Page, G.W., L.E. Stenzel, and J.E. Kjelmyr. 1999. Overview <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>shorebird abundance and distributi<strong>on</strong> in wetlands <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> PacificCoast <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>tiguous United States. C<strong>on</strong>dor 101:461-471.Stralberg, D., V. T<strong>on</strong>iolo, G.W. Page and L.E.Stenzel. 2010. Potentialimpacts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina spread <strong>on</strong> shorebird populati<strong>on</strong>s in SouthSan Francisco Bay. In: Ayres, D.R., D.W. Kerr, S.D. Erics<strong>on</strong> andP.R. Ol<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>s<strong>on</strong>, eds. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Proceedings</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Third</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g><strong>on</strong> <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina, 2004 Nov 8-10, San Francisco,CA, USA. San Francisco Estuary <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>California State Coastal C<strong>on</strong>servancy: Oakland, CA (this volume).Zaremba, K. and M.F. McGowan. 2004. San Francisco Estuary<strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project M<strong>on</strong>itoring Report for 2003. 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