<str<strong>on</strong>g>Proceedings</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Third</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Invasive</strong> SpartinaChapter 4: Spartina C<strong>on</strong>trol and Managementhours) where <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> plant is nei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r inundated at high tide norrained <strong>on</strong>, low amounts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> silt and salt <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> treated plants,and complete coverage <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> treated plant (“spray-to-wet”).Where Spartina grows in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> San Francisco Estuary, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>serequirements can be difficult to meet. Tidal fluctuati<strong>on</strong>s precludemost low and mid-elevati<strong>on</strong> sites from adequate drytime for glyphosate most <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> year. Siltati<strong>on</strong> is a c<strong>on</strong>stantproblem in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> highly turbid waters <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> estuary, <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ten resultingin much <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> herbicide binding to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> accumulatedsilt <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> plant’s leaves ra<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r than entering <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> plant’s tissuesand translocating properly. Finally, complete coverage<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> targeted Spartina can be difficult to achieve over largestands or in areas difficult to access. Given all <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se c<strong>on</strong>straints,very few days are available in a given growing seas<strong>on</strong>(late May through mid-October) with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> c<strong>on</strong>vergence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s necessary for efficacious treatment using thisherbicide.The San Francisco Estuary is also <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> habitat <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Federal and State endangered California clapper rail (Rallusl<strong>on</strong>girostris obsoletus), whose breeding seas<strong>on</strong> extends fromFebruary 1 through August 31 <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> each year. Many <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>marshes where larger populati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> clapper rail breed havebeen invaded by n<strong>on</strong>-native Spartina, and represent <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> majority<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> infestati<strong>on</strong> in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> estuary. No Spartina c<strong>on</strong>trolwork can occur during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> clapper rail breeding seas<strong>on</strong> in<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se marshes. Therefore, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> larger infestati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> n<strong>on</strong>nativeSpartina may <strong>on</strong>ly be treated between September 1and roughly <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> end <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> October every year. During this time,tidal windows <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> opportunity that allow for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> required drytime for glyphosate are limited. Finally, in most sites in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>estuary, late-morning or early-afterno<strong>on</strong> winds develop thatexceed spray drift reducti<strong>on</strong> criteria for herbicide applicati<strong>on</strong>(10 mph sustained winds). As a result, in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2004 treatmentseas<strong>on</strong>, Spartina c<strong>on</strong>trol work within clapper rail occupiedmarsh was restricted to roughly 6-10 days where all necessaryc<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s were met.2004 TREATMENTAt <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> outset <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2004 treatment seas<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> SSPscalled for treatment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 45 individual sub-areas within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>selected 16 sites. The total area targeted was 181 ha (447ac), which roughly coincided with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> initial estimates <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>populati<strong>on</strong> size determined in 2001, just after <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ISP’s incepti<strong>on</strong>and initial inventory mapping <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> n<strong>on</strong>-nativeSpartina in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> estuary. Figure 1 shows <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> locati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>various c<strong>on</strong>trol sites within <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> estuary.As <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> December 2004, 176 ha (435 ac) <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> targeted n<strong>on</strong>nativeSpartina had been treated, with roughly 0.8 ha (2 ac)slated for manual c<strong>on</strong>trol work in January 2005. Herbicidetreatment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> several sub-areas with large infestati<strong>on</strong>s wascancelled as a result <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> heavy October rains, which preventedvehicle travel <strong>on</strong> bay-mud levees. Planned use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> anamphibious excavator (Aquamog) was also postp<strong>on</strong>ed because<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> rain.RATE OF SPREADIn <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fall <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2004 <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ISP Inventory M<strong>on</strong>itoring Programproduced a M<strong>on</strong>itoring Report based <strong>on</strong> selected sitessurveyed during 2003 (California Coastal C<strong>on</strong>servancy2004(a)). This report analyzed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> change in area <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> n<strong>on</strong>nativeSpartina at 28 m<strong>on</strong>itoring sites stratified across <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>estuary by subregi<strong>on</strong> (latitude), site type and marsh type.Based <strong>on</strong> sample surveys, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> report extrapolated an average244% increase in area between 2001 and 2003 from all n<strong>on</strong>nativeSpartina species in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> estuary. Spartina alterniflorahybrids were found to be spreading at <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fastest rate, by asmuch as 317% over that time period. In 2001, an estuarywideinventory mapped approximately 195 ha (470 acres) <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>n<strong>on</strong>-native Spartina, with hybrids comprising all but five <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se hectares. Applying <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 317% rate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> increase results inan estimate <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> as much as 793 ha (1960 acres) <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> S. alterniflorahybrids in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> estuary in 2003.Based <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se numbers, 2004 treatment efforts resultedin some 20% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> estuary’s Spartina populati<strong>on</strong> receivingtreatment during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> year, leaving 80% untreated. If <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> untreatedarea doubles by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2005 treatment seas<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>recould be as much as 1,294 ha (3,200 ac) <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> n<strong>on</strong>-nativeSpartina requiring treatment during that year. This numberbecomes even larger if efficacy rates (40-80%) <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> varioustreatment methods are factored into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> calculati<strong>on</strong>.OUTLOOK FOR 2005 AND BEYONDGiven <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> “supra-exp<strong>on</strong>ential” expansi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Spartina hybrid swarm in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> estuary, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ISP has determinedthat <strong>on</strong>ly an aggressive, comprehensive strategyaimed at treating all <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2005 c<strong>on</strong>trolseas<strong>on</strong> has a realistic chance <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> eradicating <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> invader from<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> estuary. Building up<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> partnerships and experiencedeveloped during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2004 treatment seas<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ISP willaim to put in place each <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> four main comp<strong>on</strong>ents <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>Spartina treatment for each site or sub-area in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> estuary.The comp<strong>on</strong>ents, broadly defined are:• Partner identificati<strong>on</strong> and buy-in. Identificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> specific agency, landowner or land manager for<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> estimated 130 sub-areas requiring treatmentduring 2005 can be difficult given overlappingjurisdicti<strong>on</strong>al boundaries, property lines that bisectSpartina infestati<strong>on</strong>s, and o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r issues. Much <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> thiswork for public property has been accomplishedduring <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2004 treatment seas<strong>on</strong>; however,extensive public outreach will be necessary for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>large number <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual private property ownerswhose properties are infested with n<strong>on</strong>-nativeSpartina.• Development <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Site-Specific Treatment Plans. Foreach sub-area or site a site-specific treatment planwill be produced following <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> model <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2004SSPs, and incorporating elements <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> FWS BOand EA. These plans will be developed in close- 221 -
Chapter 4: Spartina C<strong>on</strong>trol and Management<str<strong>on</strong>g>Proceedings</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Third</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartinacoordinati<strong>on</strong> with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ISP partners resp<strong>on</strong>sible for<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> infested area.• Procurement <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Funding. Identifying a fundingsource for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> proposed work <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> individual sitecan take many forms. In additi<strong>on</strong> to grants awardedby <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>servancy, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ISP will seek grants fromo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r sources and coordinate volunteer activitiesappropriate for each site based <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Site-SpecificPlans.• Obtain Necessary Permits for Work. In closecoordinati<strong>on</strong> with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> regulatory agencies whosepurview encompasses <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> areas slated for Spartinatreatment, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ISP will aid partners in obtaining <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>necessary permits for work <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir site.In 2005 treatment work will c<strong>on</strong>tinue, and expandwhere appropriate, <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sites treated in 2004. As time is <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> essence in treating Spartina, several enhanced c<strong>on</strong>troltechniques will be employed to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fullest extent possible tomaximize <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> treatment area in 2005.Chief am<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> herbicide imazapyr(Habitat®), which is well suited to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> challenges <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>Spartina c<strong>on</strong>trol in an estuarine envir<strong>on</strong>ment. Applicati<strong>on</strong>requirements for imazapyr herbicide are not as challengingas those for glyphosate; required dry times are shorter andplants need not be completely covered with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> chemical forhigh efficacy (less chemical used). These qualities allowtreatment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> larger areas <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina in a given time periodwhile also providing wider tidal windows for treatment.The incorporati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> imazapyr herbicide into <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> C<strong>on</strong>trolProgram also enables greater use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> aerial (helicopter)treatments. An estimated 42% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> total area slated fortreatment may be suitable for aerial treatment. Some <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> thisarea is difficult to access <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ground; for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se sites, replacingground-based treatment with aerial applicati<strong>on</strong>s willsave time and m<strong>on</strong>ey, and enable pers<strong>on</strong>nel to target lessdemanding sites.Bey<strong>on</strong>d <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2005 Spartina c<strong>on</strong>trol ceas<strong>on</strong>, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ISPanticipates establishing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> initial stages <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a land-managerbasedSpartina m<strong>on</strong>itoring and c<strong>on</strong>trol program, as a pilotproject for eventual dissoluti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ISP. The 2006 and2007 Spartina c<strong>on</strong>trol seas<strong>on</strong>s will require <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ISP to be infull effect coordinating estuary-wide eradicati<strong>on</strong> efforts, butlater, and <strong>on</strong>ce <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> infestati<strong>on</strong> has been reduced to moremanageable levels, individual land managers will graduallyneed to assume resp<strong>on</strong>sibility for keeping low-level remnantinfestati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> n<strong>on</strong>-native, invasive Spartina under c<strong>on</strong>trol.In this way, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ISP seeks to render itself unnecessaryfollowing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2010 Spartina treatment seas<strong>on</strong>.CONCLUSIONSThe infestati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> n<strong>on</strong>-native Spartina in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> San FranciscoEstuary is spreading at a supra-exp<strong>on</strong>ential rate in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>absence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> widespread treatment. However, c<strong>on</strong>trol effortsundertaken during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2004 treatment seas<strong>on</strong> indicate thatc<strong>on</strong>trol and eventual eradicati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> n<strong>on</strong>-native Spartina in<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> estuary is possible given c<strong>on</strong>tinued funding, expandedpartner involvement, and political will. New tools, including<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> imazapyr herbicide, are expected to greatly assistin achieving this goal.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author would like to thank Peggy Ol<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>s<strong>on</strong> and KatyZaremba <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project, as well as all ISPpartners involved in Spartina c<strong>on</strong>trol during <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2004 c<strong>on</strong>trolseas<strong>on</strong>, and acknowledges <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> financial support from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>California Coastal C<strong>on</strong>servancy (C<strong>on</strong>tract #02-153).REFERENCESCalifornia Coastal C<strong>on</strong>servancy and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.2003. San Francisco Estuary <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project:Spartina C<strong>on</strong>trol Program: Final Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Impact Statement/Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Impact Report (Vol. 1), and Appendices(Vol. 2). Berkeley, CA.California Coastal C<strong>on</strong>servancy. 2004(a). San Francisco Estuary<strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project M<strong>on</strong>itoring Report for 2003. Producedby <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> California Coastal C<strong>on</strong>servancy.Berkeley, CA.California Coastal C<strong>on</strong>servancy. 2004(b). San Francisco Estuary<strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project: Spartina C<strong>on</strong>trol Program, 2004 Site-Specific Spartina C<strong>on</strong>trol Plans. Prepared by SFEISP for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>California Coastal C<strong>on</strong>servancy and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> U.S. Fish & WildlifeService. Berkeley, CA.California Coastal C<strong>on</strong>servancy. 2004(c). Aquatic Pesticide Applicati<strong>on</strong>Plan for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> San Francisco Estuary <strong>Invasive</strong> SpartinaProject. Produced by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> CaliforniaCoastal C<strong>on</strong>servancy. Berkeley, CA.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004(a). Programmatic FormalIntra-Service Endangered Species C<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> SanFrancisco Estuary <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project. Sacramento, CA.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004(b). Formal Intra-ServiceEndangered Species C<strong>on</strong>sultati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> implementati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> SanFrancisco Estuary <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project: Spartina C<strong>on</strong>trolProgram. Sacramento, CA.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004(c). Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Assessment,San Francisco Estuary <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project 2004Spartina C<strong>on</strong>trol Program, San Francisco Bay, California. Sacramento,CA.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004(d). Finding <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> No SignificantImpact Statement for a Proposed Acti<strong>on</strong> to C<strong>on</strong>trol N<strong>on</strong>-native<strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina at 15 Locati<strong>on</strong>s In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> San Francisco Bay Estuary,California. Sacramento, CAU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004(e). Record <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Decisi<strong>on</strong>, SanFrancisco Estuary <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Project, Spartina C<strong>on</strong>trolProgram, Final Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Impact Statement. Sacramento,CA.- 222 -
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