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<strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Third</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Invasive SpartinaChapter 1: Spartina BiologyTable 2. Genetic variation <strong>of</strong> Spartina alterniflora in native range andChina based on AFLP markers. percentage <strong>of</strong> polymorphical loci (P), heterogeneity(H), mean coefficient <strong>of</strong> dissimilarity (Gd) and coefficient <strong>of</strong>population differentiation (Fst).i r iH d s H d s0. 0 0 0.11 4 0.2 0.064 0.280 0. 4 0.1 4 0.20 6d r r r is . 2002 .and considerably increased its invading capacity into coastalChina since its arrival in 1979. Rapid and genetic differentiationmay aid S. alterniflora in being a successful invasivespecies.Although S. anglica arrived in China 16 years earlierthan its seed parent S. alterniflora, <strong>the</strong> species has muchlower genetic differentiation in coastal China’s environments(Tables 1 and 2). Spartina anglica experienced a geneticbottleneck during its formation, which might have contributedto its dieback in China as in its native Europe (Gray etal. 1991; Thompson 1991).S. anglica has 120-124 chromosomes while S. alterniflorahas 62 (Gray & Benham 1991). Spartina anglica shouldhave high heterosis and potentially higher adaptability thanei<strong>the</strong>r parental species. Spartina anglica has replaced S.maritima in coastal England (Gray et al. 1991). However, S.alterniflora has rapidly occupied previous S. anglica habitatsin China. We suggest that <strong>the</strong> species with low population differentiation(Fst) may be outcompeted by a species with highdifferentiation in changing environments like coastal areas<strong>of</strong> China, where accidental typhoons, irregular tidal cyclesand human-caused disturbances <strong>of</strong>ten happen. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, agreater number <strong>of</strong> chromosomes or higher genetic diversity(P and H) does not guarantee a higher adaptability and moresuccessful invasion for exotic species. However, <strong>the</strong> generality<strong>of</strong> this finding needs to be tested fur<strong>the</strong>r in more taxa.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis study was financially supported by NaturalScientific foundation <strong>of</strong> China (No. 30400054), by NKBRSFoundation, China (No. G2000046803) and KSJYXRCFoundation, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Education, China (No. 0208002002).We thank to Dr. Chung-Hsin Chung for his valuable suggestionsand comments.REFERENCESBais, H.P., R. Vepachedu, S. Gilroy, R.M. Callaway, and J.M.Vivanco. 2003. Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion: from moleculesand genes to species interactions. Science 301:1377-1380.Baumel, A., M.L. Ainouche, and J.E. Levasseur. 2001. Molecularinvestigations in populations <strong>of</strong> Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard(Poaceae) invading coastal Brittany (France). Molecular Ecology10(7):1689-1701.Callaway, R.M. 2002. The detection <strong>of</strong> neighbors by plants. Trendsin Ecology and Evolution 17(3):104-105.Callaway, R.M. and E.T. Aschehoug. 2000 . Invasive plants versus<strong>the</strong>ir new and old neighbors: A Mechanism for exotic invasion.Science 290:521-523.Chater, E.H. and J.H. Jones. 1951. New form <strong>of</strong> Spartina townsendii.Nature 168:126-128.Chen, C.D. 1998. China’s Biodiversity: A Country Study. EnvironmentalScience Press.Chung, C.H. 1985. Twenty-two years <strong>of</strong> Spartina anglica in China.Journal <strong>of</strong> Nanjing University, Special Issue.Chung, C.H. 1993. Thirty years <strong>of</strong> ecological engineeringwith Spartina plantation in China. Ecological Engineering2:261-289.Ellstrand, N.C. and K.A. Schierenbeck. 2000. Hybridization as astimulus for <strong>the</strong> evolution <strong>of</strong> invasiveness in plant. <strong>Proceedings</strong><strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States <strong>of</strong>America 97(13):7043-7050.Ferris C., R. A. King and A.J. Gray. 1997. Molecular evidence for<strong>the</strong> maternal parentage in <strong>the</strong> hybrid origin <strong>of</strong> Spartina anglicaC. E. Hubbard. Molecular Ecology 6:185-187.Gray, A. J., D.F. Marshall and A.F. Raybould. 1991. A century <strong>of</strong>evolution in Spartina anglica. Advances in Ecological Research21:1-62.Gray, A.J. and P.E.M. Benham 1991. Spartina anglica — a researchreview. HMSO.Guan Y.J., S.Q. An, Y.H Liu., et al. 2003. Ecological benefit andecological invasions <strong>of</strong> Spartina in China. Journal <strong>of</strong> NanjingForestry University 27:95-101.Hedge, P., L. Kriworken, and A. Ritar. 1997. Ecology, impact andcontrol <strong>of</strong> Spartina in Little Swanport, Tasmania. In: Patten,K., ed., <strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Second <strong>International</strong> Spartina<strong>Conference</strong>, Olymipia, WA. Washington State UniveristyCooperative Extension, pp. 46-47.Hubbard, J.C.E. 1969 . Light in relation to tidal immersion and <strong>the</strong>growth <strong>of</strong> Spartina townsendii. Journal <strong>of</strong> Ecology 57: 795-804.Kennedy, T.A. et al. 2002. Biodiversity as a barrier to ecologicalinvasion. Nature 417:636-638.Keane, R.M. and M.J. Crawley. 2002. Exotic plant invasions and<strong>the</strong> enemy release hypo<strong>the</strong>sis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution17:164-170.Lin, Q.R. 1997. Damage and management <strong>of</strong> Spartina anglica andSpartina alterniflora. Fujian Geography 12(1):16-20.Liu, J. and J.H. Huang. 2000. Management <strong>of</strong> Spartina alterniflora.Bulletin <strong>of</strong> Oceanography 10:68-72.Ma, Z.J., B. Li, and K. Jing. 2003. Effects <strong>of</strong> tidewater on <strong>the</strong> feedingecology <strong>of</strong> hooded crane (Crane monacha) and conservation<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir wintering habitats at Zhongming Dongtai, China. EcologicalResearch 18(3):321-329.Novak, S.J. and R.N. Mack. 2001. Tracing plant introduction andspread: genetic evidence from Bromus tectorun (cheatgrass).Bioscience 51(2): 114-122.Qian, Y.Q. and K.P. Ma. 1994. Bio-techniques, protection and wiseuses <strong>of</strong> biodiversity. In: Qian Y.Q. and K.P. Ma, eds. Principlesand Methods <strong>of</strong> Biodiversity Studies. China’s Science andTechnique Press, pp. 217-224.Qian, Y.Q. and K.P. Ma. 1995. Bio-techniques and bio-safety.Journal <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources 10(4):322-331.Qin, P. and C.H. Chung. 1992. Utilization <strong>of</strong> Spartina. 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Chapter 1: Spartina Biology<strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Third</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Invasive Spartinabiology <strong>of</strong> invasive species. Annual Review <strong>of</strong> Ecology andSystematics 32:305-332.Shen, Y.M. and Y.M. Liu. 2002. Remote sensing <strong>of</strong> distributionchanges <strong>of</strong> Spartina alterniflora marshes in coastal Jiangsu.Journal <strong>of</strong> Plant Resources and Environments 11(2):33-38.Thompson, J.D. 1991. The biology <strong>of</strong> an invasive plant: what makesSpartina anglica so successful? Bioscience 41(6):393-400.Travis, S.E., C.E. Pr<strong>of</strong>fitt, R.C. Lowenfeld, et al. 2002. A comparativeassessment <strong>of</strong> genetic diversity among differently-agedpopulations <strong>of</strong> Spartina alterniflora on restored versus naturalwetlands. Restoration Ecology 10(1):37-42.Tsutsui, N.D., A.V. Suarez, D.A. Holway, et al. 2000. Reducedgenetic variation and <strong>the</strong> success <strong>of</strong> an invasive species. <strong>Proceedings</strong><strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National Academy <strong>of</strong> Sciences <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> UnitedStates <strong>of</strong> America 97(11):5948-5953.-36-
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