Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Invasive ...

<strong>Proceedings</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Third</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Conference</strong> on Invasive SpartinaChapter 2: Spartina Distribution and Spreadone m above MLW, although present in large numbers at<strong>the</strong>se elevations on mud.Seedling recruitment is ano<strong>the</strong>r demographic propertythat is critical to <strong>the</strong> successful spread <strong>of</strong> S. alterniflora inWillapa Bay. New individuals observed in 1997 (polygonsless than three m in diameter without earlier counterparts)out-numbered those that were present in 1994 by an order <strong>of</strong>magnitude: over 46,000 single new plants versus 4,500 <strong>of</strong>similar size in 1994. By 2000, <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> newindividuals recruiting into <strong>the</strong> population rose by ano<strong>the</strong>rorder <strong>of</strong> magnitude to more than 155,550 new plants. Again,recruitment was greatest on those parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bay with s<strong>of</strong>tmud substrates and in proximity to fresh water sources(Civille 2005). The lateral growth and merger data areproviding important insights into abiotic factors that controlSpartina growth, and were used to populate and validate<strong>the</strong>oretical model development and exploration (Taylor et al.2004; Taylor and Hastings 2004).The high resolution spatial datasets have provideddemographic and ecological information at a level <strong>of</strong> detailand bay-wide scale that could never have been collected byindividual ecologists with transects and sampling hoopsacross such difficult and remote terrain. The photographicrecord that has been maintained and cataloged providesunique opportunities to look into <strong>the</strong> history <strong>of</strong> this invasion,and may provide insight into <strong>the</strong> mechanisms andcharacteristics <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r invasions.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis research could not have been possible without <strong>the</strong>photography collected and archived by <strong>the</strong> Washington StateDepartment <strong>of</strong> Natural Resources (WADNR), <strong>the</strong>Washington State Department <strong>of</strong> Transportation and <strong>the</strong> U.S.Army Corps <strong>of</strong> Engineers, District 10. The mapping andphotogrammetry staff in <strong>the</strong>se agencies provided invaluableadvice, support and expertise as this project was developed.Earlier Spartina mapping efforts by Barb Aberle, LindaKunze, Elizabeth Lanzer, and Tom Mumford made thismore sophisticated approach possible. This work was fundedin part by <strong>the</strong> WADNR and by <strong>the</strong> National ScienceFoundation Biocomplexity Grant #DEB0083583 (P.I. AlanHastings).REFERENCESAberle, B.L. 1990. Chronology <strong>of</strong> Spartina control methods inWashington, California, and Oregon. Spartina Workshop Record.S. Harbell. University <strong>of</strong> Washington, Seattle, Washington,USA.Aberle, B.L. 1993. The Biology and Control <strong>of</strong> Introduced Spartina(cordgrass) Worldwide and Recommendations for its Control inWashington. Masters <strong>the</strong>sis. Evergreen State College, Olympia,Washington, USA.Civille, J.C. 1993. Integrated Management Plan for Spartina alterniflorain Willapa Bay, Washington. Washington State Department<strong>of</strong> Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington, USA.Civille, J.C. 2006. Invasion ecology and pattern assessed throughremote sensing: Spartina alterniflora in Willapa Bay, Washington.Doctoral dissertation. 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