<str<strong>on</strong>g>Proceedings</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Third</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Invasive</strong> SpartinaChapter 1: Spartina Biology2) N<strong>on</strong>-native plants establish symbioses with nativefungi that communicate more efficiently than with nativeplants;3) N<strong>on</strong>-native plants bring fungi that switch lifestylesand are pathogenic <strong>on</strong> native plants;4) N<strong>on</strong>-native plants alter <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rhizosphere such thatnative root pathogens normally present in low abundancebecome abundant and are more virulent <strong>on</strong> native plants than<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> n<strong>on</strong>-native species.To begin testing <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> symbiotic communicati<strong>on</strong>hypo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis we have begun to assess <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fungal endophytes inseveral native and invasive plant species in Puget Sound andnative habitats <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> invasive species. The list <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> plantspecies we are analyzing includes Spartina anglica, S.alterniflora and S. patens. A minimum <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> three populati<strong>on</strong>sfor each plant species was analyzed and at least 10 plants/perpopulati<strong>on</strong> were sampled. All <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina plantsanalyzed (N=100) c<strong>on</strong>tained class 2 endophytes whichappear to be native fungi based <strong>on</strong> a biogeographic study(Rodriguez et al. in preparati<strong>on</strong>). These endophytes arecurrently being tax<strong>on</strong>omically defined by sequence analysis<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> nuclear ribosomal DNA and classical morphologicalmethods. The host range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> endophytes is also beingassessed and culture c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s identified for fungalc<strong>on</strong>idiati<strong>on</strong>. In additi<strong>on</strong>, we have developed methods togerminate Spartina seeds devoid <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> endophytic fungi and arebeginning to perform comparative studies to evaluatesymbiotic and n<strong>on</strong>-symbiotic plants. In 2005-2007 weperformed greenhouse experiments to understand <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>symbiotic dynamics <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina anglica in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> presence andabsence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> abiotic stress. These studies indicated thatSpartina, like native coastal plants, establish associati<strong>on</strong>swith endophytes that c<strong>on</strong>fer salt tolerance Rodriguez et al.2008; Rodriguez et al., in preparati<strong>on</strong>). Therefore, wesurmise that endophytes play an important role in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>invasi<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> coastal areas by Spartina species. Studies areunderway to determine if endophytes c<strong>on</strong>tribute to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>invasi<strong>on</strong> processes in n<strong>on</strong>-coastal habitats that imposedifferent degrees <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> abiotic stress.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe would like to thank <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> organizers <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> opportunity topresent <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se hypo<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ses and submit this manuscript. Wewould like to thank Edward Pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>fitt, David Heimer andRoger Fuller for assistance in collecting Spartina samples.This work was funded in part by grants from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> U.S.Geological Survey and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nati<strong>on</strong>al Science Foundati<strong>on</strong>.REFERENCESArnold, E.A., L.C. Mejia, D. Kyllo, E. Rojas, Z. Maynard,N. Robbins, and E.A. Herre. 2003. Fungal endophyteslimit pathogen damage in a tropical tree. <str<strong>on</strong>g>Proceedings</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nati<strong>on</strong>al Academy <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sciences 100: 15649-15654.Bac<strong>on</strong>, C.W. 1993. 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