<str<strong>on</strong>g>Proceedings</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Third</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Invasive</strong> SpartinaChapter 2: Spartina Distributi<strong>on</strong> and SpreadOverall, most <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> studies <strong>on</strong> Spartina before 1995were involved in ecology after introducti<strong>on</strong>, ecologicalengineering, multi-dimensi<strong>on</strong>al uses, physiology,biochemistry and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> populati<strong>on</strong> biology <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> species.RECENT STUDIES AND ADVANCESSince 1995, two research groups were rec<strong>on</strong>structedwith two pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essors, six associate pr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essors, three assistantpr<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>essors and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir students at Nanjing University.Meanwhile, a couple <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Chinese scientists joined in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>research from o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r instituti<strong>on</strong>s. Our studies <strong>on</strong> S.alterniflora focused <strong>on</strong>: multidimensi<strong>on</strong>al uses, invasivec<strong>on</strong>sequences and management, competiti<strong>on</strong> with differentspecies, wave reducti<strong>on</strong>, ecological services and evaluati<strong>on</strong>,energy flow and community dynamics, evaluati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>ecological engineering, purificati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> wastewater, sedimentprocess, remote sensing, expending process and outbreak <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>populati<strong>on</strong>s, soil property <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> salt marsh, rare waterfowlc<strong>on</strong>servati<strong>on</strong>, cDNA library, flav<strong>on</strong>oids <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> biomass,decompositi<strong>on</strong> dynamics <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> plants, genetic diversity andgenetic differentiati<strong>on</strong>, greenhouse gas release <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> salt marsh.The work <strong>on</strong> S. anglica covered salt-induced transcript,microbial compositi<strong>on</strong>, mechanism <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> dieback and geneticstructures <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> declining populati<strong>on</strong>s. Fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rmore, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> studies<strong>on</strong> S. patens included tissue culture <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> seed, i<strong>on</strong>implantati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> plants, effect <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> i<strong>on</strong> beam <strong>on</strong> seedgerminati<strong>on</strong> and uses <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> species. Most <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> studies areinvolved in structures and functi<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina saltmarshes; genetic diversity and dieback <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> S. anglica; geneticvariati<strong>on</strong>, outbreak, management and c<strong>on</strong>trol <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> S.alterniflora, restorati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> degraded coastal ecosystemsinvaded by S. alterniflora; and effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> S. alterniflorainvasi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> release <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> carb<strong>on</strong>-, nitrogen- and sulfer-basedtrace gases. Some <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> important results are summarizedbelow:• Rhizome and ramets <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> S. anglica have str<strong>on</strong>g asexualreproductive capacity in both <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> laboratory and coastalecosystems, but <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> seeds have very low germinati<strong>on</strong>rate. The species grows well in rapid sedimentati<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>sat 2.5 meters (m) to 4.2 m in elevati<strong>on</strong> above sealevel if its leaves are not completely covered by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sediments, has broad temperature range from -25°C to42°C and can survive in open coasts with violent impactsfrom typho<strong>on</strong>s and tides. Spartina anglica cangrow at salinities <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 0-6% (W/W), with <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> optimal salinity<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> 0.4-1.4%. Best growth occurs at 3.0±0.3 m inelevati<strong>on</strong> with a tolerance range from 2.3 m to 4.0 m. Itdecreased <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> dissoluble i<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> soil by 2.6% and in reclaimedtidelands <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> species decreased saline c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>and pH by 38.2% and 2.4%, respectively.• Fertile flowers and seed producti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> S. anglica decreasedwith increasing density. On average, 24.6% <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>flowers can be fertilized and produce seeds in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> sec<strong>on</strong>dyear after planting in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> field when <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> individualdensity is low. But, in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fourth year, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> crowdedramet populati<strong>on</strong>s did not flower. Our observati<strong>on</strong>sshow that <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> species has lost its sexual propagati<strong>on</strong>ability. But, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> trade-<str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>f between density and seed producti<strong>on</strong>needs more experiments both in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> field andunder c<strong>on</strong>trolled c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s.• During <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> first four years <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> invasi<strong>on</strong>, individual density,leaf area index, biomass (both above- and belowgroundbiomass) and net assimilati<strong>on</strong> producti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> S.anglica significantly (p
Chapter 2: Spartina Distributi<strong>on</strong> and Spread<str<strong>on</strong>g>Proceedings</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Third</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Internati<strong>on</strong>al</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>C<strong>on</strong>ference</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartinaful method to eradicate Spartina, but more experimentsare needed to verify its effectiveness (Chen et al. 2007).• Spartina alterniflora has lower genetic diversity buthigher genetic differentiati<strong>on</strong> capacity whereas S. anglicahas higher genetic diversity and lower differentiati<strong>on</strong>capacity (An et al. this volume). These genetic differencesmay have c<strong>on</strong>tributed to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> different invasi<strong>on</strong>dynamics, and different fates, for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> two species <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>Spartina.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis study was financially supported by Comm<strong>on</strong>wealFoundati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Forestry Administrati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> China (No.200804005) and by KSJYXRC Foundati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> China’sMinistry <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Educati<strong>on</strong> (No. 0208002002). We thank Dr.Chung-Hsin Chung and Mr. R<strong>on</strong>gzh<strong>on</strong>g Zhuo for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>irvaluable suggesti<strong>on</strong>s and comments <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> manuscript.Special thanks for Dr. Bo Li for his careful editing <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>manuscript.REFERENCESAbdul-Kareem, A.R., C. Sheng, M. Shi, et al. 2003. Isolati<strong>on</strong> andcharacterizati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> a salt-induced transcript from halophyteSpartina anglica using DDRT-PCR. J. <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nankai Univ. 36(2):8-14.An, S., Y. Xiao, H. Qing, Z. Wang, C. Zhou, B. Li, S. Shi, D. Yu, Z.Deng, and L. Chen. 2010. 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