TABLE OF CONTENTSForward & Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. iIntroducti<strong>on</strong> .......................................................................................................................................... viiChapter 1: Spartina Biology ................................................................................................................ 1California Cordgrass (Spartina foliosa), an Endemic <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Salt Marsh Habitats al<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Pacific Coast <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>Western North AmericaM.C. Vasey ................................................................................................................................................ 3Local and Geographic Variati<strong>on</strong> in Spartina-herbivore Interacti<strong>on</strong>sS.C. Pennings ............................................................................................................................................ 9Speciati<strong>on</strong>, Genetic, and Genomic Evoluti<strong>on</strong> in SpartinaM.L. Ainouche, A. Baumel, R. Bayer, K. Fukunaga, T. Cariou and M.T. Misset .................................... 15Evoluti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Hybrids in San Francisco BayD.R. Ayres and D.R. Str<strong>on</strong>g .................................................................................................................... 23Evolving Invasibility <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Exotic Spartina Hybrids in Upper Salt Marsh Z<strong>on</strong>es <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> San Francisco BayM.R. Pakenham-Walsh, D.R. Ayres, and D.R. Str<strong>on</strong>g ............................................................................. 29Varying Success <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina spp. Invasi<strong>on</strong>s in China: Genetic Diversity or Differentiati<strong>on</strong>?S. An, Y. Xiao, H. Qing, Z. Wang, C. Zhou, B. Li, S. Shi, D. Yu, Z. Deng, and L. Chen .......................... 33Spartina densiflora x foliosa Hybrids Found in San Francisco BayD.R. Ayres and A.K.F. Lee ...................................................................................................................... 37Fungal Symbiosis: A Potential Mechanism Of Plant <strong>Invasive</strong>nessR.J. Rodriguez, R.S. Redman, M. Hoy, and N. Elder ............................................................................... 39Is Ergot a Natural Comp<strong>on</strong>ent <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina Marshes? Distributi<strong>on</strong> and Ecological Host Range <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>Salt Marsh Claviceps purpureaA.J. Fisher ............................................................................................................................................... 43Mechanisms <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Sulfide and Anoxia Tolerance in Salt Marsh Grasses in Relati<strong>on</strong> to Elevati<strong>on</strong>alZ<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong>B.R. Maricle and R.W. Lee ...................................................................................................................... 47Effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Salinity <strong>on</strong> Photosyn<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>sis in C 4 Estuarine GrassesB.R. Maricle, O. Kiirats, R.W. Lee and G.E. Edwards ............................................................................ 55Chapter 2: Spartina Distributi<strong>on</strong> and Spread ................................................................................... 59A Tale <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Two Invaded Estuaries: Spartina in San Francisco Bay, California and Willapa Bay,Washingt<strong>on</strong>D.R. Str<strong>on</strong>g ............................................................................................................................................. 61Spartina In China: Introducti<strong>on</strong>, History, Current Status and Recent ResearchS. An, H. Qing, Y. Xiao, C. Zhou, Z. Wang, Z. Deng, Y. Zhi and L. Chen ............................................... 65Spread <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> San Francisco EstuaryK. Zaremba, M. McGowan, and D. R. Ayres ........................................................................................... 73iii
Remote Sensing, LiDAR and GIS Inform Landscape and Populati<strong>on</strong> Ecology, Willapa Bay,Washingt<strong>on</strong>J.C. Civille, S.D. Smith and D.R. Str<strong>on</strong>g ................................................................................................ 83Implicati<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Variable Recruitment for <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Management <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina alterniflora in Willapa Bay,Washingt<strong>on</strong>J.G. Lambrinos, D.R. Str<strong>on</strong>g, J.C. Civille and J. Bando ........................................................................ 87Pollen Limitati<strong>on</strong> in a Wind-Pollinated <strong>Invasive</strong> Grass, Spartina alternifloraH.G. Davis, C.M. Taylor, J.G. Lambrinos, J.C. Civille and D.R. Str<strong>on</strong>g ............................................... 91<strong>Invasive</strong> Hybrid Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora x S. foliosa) Recruitment Dynamics in OpenMudflats <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> San Francisco BayC.M. Sloop, D.R. Ayres and D.R. Str<strong>on</strong>g ................................................................................................ 95The Influence <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Intertidal Z<strong>on</strong>e and Native Vegetati<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Survival and Growth <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g>Spartina anglica in Nor<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rn Puget Sound, WA, USAC.E. Hellquist and R.A. Black ................................................................................................................ 99Will Spartina anglica Invade Northwards with Changing Climate?A.J. Gray and R.J. Mogg ...................................................................................................................... 103Competiti<strong>on</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g Marsh Macrophytes by Means <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Vertical Geomorphological DisplacementJ.T. Morris ............................................................................................................................................ 109Modeling <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spread <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina Hybrids in San Francisco BayR.J. Hall, A.M. Hastings and D.R. Ayres .............................................................................................. 117Modeling <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spread and C<strong>on</strong>trol <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina alterniflora in a Pacific EstuaryC.M. Taylor, A. Hastings, H.G. Davis, J.C. Civille and F.S. Grevstad ................................................ 121Hybrid Cordgrass (Spartina) and Tidal Marsh Restorati<strong>on</strong> in San Francisco Bay: If You Build ItThey Will ComeD.R. Ayres and D.R. Str<strong>on</strong>g .................................................................................................................. 125Chapter 3: Ecosystem Effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>Invasive</strong> Spartina ..................................................................... 127Assessment <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Potential C<strong>on</strong>sequences <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Large-scale Eradicati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina anglicafrom <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Tamar Estuary, TasmaniaM. Sheehan and J.C. Ellis<strong>on</strong>................................................................................................................. 129Spartina Invasi<strong>on</strong> Changes Intertidal Ecosystem Metabolism in San Francisco BayA.C. Tyler and E.D. Grosholz ............................................................................................................... 135Mechanistic Processes Driving Shifts in Benthic Infaunal Communities Following SpartinaHybrid Tidal Flat Invasi<strong>on</strong>C. Neira, E.D. Grosholz and L.A. Levin ............................................................................................... 141Spartina alterniflora Invasi<strong>on</strong>s in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Yangtze River Estuary, China: A SynopsisB. Li, C-Z. Liao, X-D. Zhang, H-L. Chen, Q. Wang, Z-Y. Chen, X-J. Gan, J-H. Wu, B. Zhao,Z-J. Ma, X-L. Cheng, L-F. Jiang, Y-Q. Luo, and J-K. Chen ................................................................. 147The Role <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina anglica Producti<strong>on</strong> in Bivalve Diets in Nor<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>rn Puget Sound, WA, USAC.E. Hellquist and R.A. Black .............................................................................................................. 153C<strong>on</strong>trasting Effects <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina foliosa and Hybrid Spartina <strong>on</strong> Benthic InvertebratesE.D. Brusati and E.D. Grosholz ........................................................................................................... 161Impacts <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> Benthic Invertebrates <strong>on</strong> Sediment Porewater Amm<strong>on</strong>ium and Sulfide: C<strong>on</strong>sequencesfor Spartina Seedling Growth.U.H. Mahl, A.C. Tyler and E.D. Grosholz ............................................................................................ 165Quantifying <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Potential Impact <str<strong>on</strong>g>of</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Spartina Invasi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Invertebrate Food Resources foriv
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