Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability 1

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Rocky Shore BeachSea starHermit crabShore crabHigh tidePeriwinkleSea urchinAnemoneMusselLow tideSculpinBarnaclesKelpSea lettuceNudibranchMonterey flatwormBeach fleaBarrier BeachPeanut wormTigerbeetleBlue crabDwarfoliveClamHigh tideSilversidesLow tideSandpiperMoleshrimpGhostshrimpWhite sand macoma Sand dollar Moon snailFigure 7-9 Living between the tides. Some organisms with specialized niches found in variouszones on rocky shore beaches (top) and barrier or sandy beaches (bottom). Organisms are notdrawn to scale.134 CHAPTER 7 Aquatic Biodiversity
G. H. Dermetrohas/T. C. CarmeraFigure 7-10 A developed barrier island: Ocean City, Maryland,host to 8 million visitors a year. Rising sea levels from globalwarming may put this and many other barrier islands under waterby the end of this century.risky to live in such places and hastens the destructionof their protective dune and vegetation systems.Some argue that people who choose to live inthese and other risky places should accept the full costof such risks. They should not expect taxpayers to supplementtheir high property insurance costs or helpthem rebuild houses lost in hurricanes or other naturaldisasters that are expected risks in such areas.What Are Coral Reefs? Aquatic Oasesof BiodiversityCoral reefs are biologically diverse and productiveecosystems that are increasingly stressed by humanactivities.Coral reefs (Figure 7-1 and photo on p. viii) form inclear, warm coastal waters of the tropics and subtropics(Figure 7-2). Coral reefs are ecologically complex interms of the many interactions among the diverseorganisms that live there as shown in Figure 7-12(p. 136).These reefs are vulnerable to damage because theygrow slowly and are disrupted easily. They also thriveonly in clear, warm, and fairly shallow water of constanthigh salinity. Corals can live only in water with atemperature of 18–30°C (64–86°F). Coral bleaching(Figure 7-1, right) can be triggered by an increase ofjust 1°C (1.8°F) above this maximum temperature.The biodiversity of coral reefs can be reduced bynatural disturbances such as severe storms, freshwaterfloods, and invasions of predatory fish. Butthroughout their long geologic history, coral reefshave been able to adapt to such natural environmentalchanges.Today the biggest threats to the survival and biodiversityof many of the world’s coral reefs comefrom sediment runoff and other human activities (Figure7-13, p. 137). Scientists are concerned that thesethreats are occurring so rapidly (over decades) andover such a wide area that many of the world’s coralreef systems may not have enough time to adapt.Good news. There is growing evidence that coralreefs can recover when given a chance. When localitiesOcean Beach Primary Dune Trough Secondary Dune Back Dune Bay orLagoonIntensive recreation,no buildingNo direct passageor buildingLimited No direct passagerecreation or buildingand walkwaysMost suitablefor developmentIntensiverecreationGrasses or shrubsTaller shrubsTaller shrubs and treesBay shoreNo fillingFigure 7-11 Natural capital: primary and secondary dunes on gently sloping sandy beaches help protectland from erosion by the sea. The roots of various grasses that colonize the dunes help hold the sand in place.Ideally, construction is allowed only behind the second strip of dunes, and walkways to the beach are built overthe dunes to keep them intact. This helps preserve barrier beaches and protect buildings from damage bywind, high tides, beach erosion, and flooding from storm surges. Such protection is rare because the shorttermeconomic value of oceanfront land is considered much higher than its long-term ecological value.http://biology.brookscole.com/miller14135
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1Environmental Problems, TheirCause
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AirSOLAR ENERGYRESOURCESWaterEnergy
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changes that lead to an increasingl
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take the resources of 1.15 planet e
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Causes of Environmental Problems•
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Developing Countriesxx=Population (
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■ We should encourage earth-susta
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2. Write two-page scenarios describ
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A continent ages quickly once we co
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Good NewsMore foodSupported alarger
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Figure 2-8 Theodore (“Teddy”)Ro
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What Happened during the 1970s? The
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on which they and their ancestors h
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Science is an adventure of the huma
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CTIONSWhat Is Harmingthe Robins?Sup
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After building and testing a mathem
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I am going to give you a brief intr
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Figure 3-6 The pH scale, used to me
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The different molecules of DNA that
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Energy emitted from sun (kcal/cm 2
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aluminum foil. When solid water (ic
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nn23592 UUranium-235nucleus9236Kr14
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SolarenergyChemicalenergy(photosynt
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number of resource users. In other
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The earth’s thin film of living m
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(a) Eukaryotic CellNucleus(informat
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AtmosphereVegetationBiosphereand an
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Coastal chaparraland scrubConiferou
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NoorganismsLower limitof toleranceF
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Detritus feedersDecomposersLong-hor
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First TrophicLevelSecond TrophicLev
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Figure 4-20 Generalized pyramid of
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Terrestrial EcosystemsSwamps and ma
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every handful of topsoil break down
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suited for plant growth. It has a t
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Figure 4-29 Naturalcapital: simplif
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wildlife habitats, alter temperatur
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miningFertilizerexcretionuptake bya
Page 80 and 81: How Are Human Activities Affecting
Page 82 and 83: For example, people visit degraded
Page 84 and 85: There is grandeur to this view of l
Page 86 and 87: According to the theory of evolutio
Page 88 and 89: Black skimmerseizes small fishat wa
Page 90 and 91: 5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION,AND BIOD
Page 92 and 93: Scientists have also identified per
Page 94 and 95: Identify and extractgene with desir
Page 96 and 97: infrared radiation, as a rattlesnak
Page 98 and 99: To do science is to search for repe
Page 100 and 101: figure. Scientists hypothesize that
Page 102 and 103: ArcticCircleTropic ofCancerNorth Pa
Page 104 and 105: Winds can also affect regionalclima
Page 106 and 107: FPO(a) Rays of sunlight penetrateth
Page 108 and 109: ColdPolarTundraSubpolarDecreasing t
Page 110 and 111: Figure 6-20 Natural capital:some co
Page 112 and 113: Beisa oryxCape buffaloWildebeestTop
Page 114 and 115: Figure 6-25 Natural capitaldegradat
Page 116 and 117: Natural Capital DegradationGrasslan
Page 118 and 119: 4540HarpyeagleEmergentlayer35Tocoto
Page 120 and 121: with sunlight available only 6-8 ho
Page 122 and 123: Natural Capital DegradationWhen we
Page 124 and 125: If there is magic on this planet, i
Page 126 and 127: there. Photosynthesis cannot take p
Page 128 and 129: Figure 7-7 View of an estuary taken
Page 132 and 133: Figure 7-12 Natural capital:some co
Page 134 and 135: EcologicalServicesClimatemoderation
Page 136 and 137: In warm months the bottom layer of
Page 138 and 139: According to scientists, we urgentl
Page 140 and 141: Animal and vegetable life is too co
Page 142 and 143: HighHighHighRate of immigrationor e
Page 144 and 145: mostly on land and eat insects that
Page 146 and 147: According to this hypothesis, musse
Page 148 and 149: Many people—influenced by movies
Page 150 and 151: strychnine, peyote, nicotine, and r
Page 152 and 153: It is tempting to think of mutualis
Page 155 and 156: How Do Species Replace One Another
Page 157 and 158: By contrast, grasslands are much le
Page 159 and 160: 9Population EcologyPopulationContro
Page 161 and 162: The size of a population that inclu
Page 163 and 164: Number of reindeer2,0001,5001,00050
Page 165 and 166: Reproductive individuals in populat
Page 167 and 168: Percentage surviving (log scale)100
Page 169 and 170: A third type of alteration is using
Page 171 and 172: In the next chapter we will apply t
Page 173 and 174: The problems to be faced are vast a
Page 175 and 176: ates affect a country’s populatio
Page 177 and 178: United States Mexico CanadaPopulati
Page 179 and 180: and a high incidence of infectious
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Age100+95-9990-9485-8980-8475-7970-
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Age Distribution (%)403530252015105
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80Stage 1PreindustrialStage 2Transi
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also make up 70% of the world’s p
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Such experience also suggests that
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Forests precede civilizations, dese
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The Species ApproachGoalProtect spe
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parkways, trails, rivers, seashores
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Weak treesremovedFigure 11-8 Short
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AdvantagesHigher timberyieldsMaximu
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trees no faster than they are reple
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Sudden oak death White pine blister
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vere forest fires for two reasons.
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and degradation practices, Brazil
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SolutionsSustaining Tropical Forest
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• Integrate plans for managing pa
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Should Reserves Be as Large as Poss
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Figure 11-24 Endangered natural cap
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ity of ecosystems well enough to re
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original state? How much of it shou
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The last word in ignorance is the p
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Florida manatee Northern spotted ow
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each of these three species estimat
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BiophiliaBiologist EdwardO. Wilson
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Island species, many of them endemi
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Deliberately Introduced SpeciesPurp
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The Termite from HellForget killer
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© Karl Ammann. Biosynergy Institut
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tional Trade in Endangered Species
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Most people would say yes. The prob
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the act allows for economic concern
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ity, with the aim of reintroducing
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The Department of Defense controls
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13 SustainingAquatic BiodiversityBi
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CobiaHogfishKelpCarrageenPacific sa
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peated scraping. Slow-growing, long
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control approach and to be sure the
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(CITES), the 1979 Global Treaty on
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Beetle car, and some of its arterie
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What Role Can ReconciliationEcology
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eries. When it works, community-bas
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GULF OFMEXICOAgricultural areaTreat
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water withdrawal for irrigation. An
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SolutionsRebuilding Salmon Populati
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14 Foodand Soil ResourcesSoilBiodiv
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Industrialized agricultureShifting
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First green revolution(developed co
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Low-Tech Sustainable Agriculture in
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According to the U.S. Department of
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OvergrazingDeforestationErosionCaus
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(a) Terracing(b) Contour planting a
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2,000400Grain production(millions o
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People who are underfed and underwe
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14-6 INCREASING CROPPRODUCTIONWhat
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sistence farmers in developing coun
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capita meat production more than do
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A more expensive and less widely us
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Spotter airplaneFish farmingin cage
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estuaries. Then the fish are releas
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Currently, organic farming is used
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15 WaterResourcesWaterCASE STUDYWat
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physically connects us to one anoth
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Groundwater normally moves from poi
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and wildlife could trigger “water
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city’s water systems have been ta
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for the dams and reservoirs and has
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has devastated the area’s fishing
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Aquifers provide drinking water for
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WYOMINGCOLORADONEW MEXICOSOUTH DAKO
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Mohamed El-Ashry of the World Resou
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water waste by about 84% while irri
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15-8 TOO MUCH WATERWhat Causes Floo
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gradually. Another way to reduce fl
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16 MineralGeology and NonrenewableR
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AbyssalhillsAbyssalfloorOceanicridg
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usually rides up over the denser oc
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cant (less than 4.0 on the Richter
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ported from their sources by water,
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How Are Buried Mineral DepositsRemo
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16-6 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTSOF USING
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Separationof ore fromgangueMetal or
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Some analysts contend that all we n
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Can We Find Substitutes for ScarceN
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Typical citizens of advanced indust
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Figure 17-5 shows energy consumptio
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Currently, oil has a high net energ
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ArcticOceanCoalPrince WilliamSoundG
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Oil (million barrels per day)120100
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Coal-firedelectricitySynthetic oil
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Burning natural gas emits CO 2 but
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Trade-OffsCoalxHOW WOULD YOU VOTE?
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Small amounts ofradioactive gasesUr
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After more than 50 years of develop
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CoalAmple supplyHigh net energyyiel
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corrode and release their radioacti
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out the entire rail or truck trip i
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manently in 1998. Because of this e
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18 andEnergy EfficiencyRenewable En
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Energy Inputs System Outputs86%8%3%
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source. These systems have an energ
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ABCombustion engine:Small, efficien
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Atlanta’s 13-story Georgia Power
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Net Energy EfficiencySuperinsulated
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Why Are We Still Wasting So Much En
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How Can We Cool Houses Naturally? I
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AdvantagesFairly high netenergyWork
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The DOE calls the Great Plains stat
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AdvantagesLarge potentialsupply in
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surface. Researchers in several cou
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Primary EnergySourcesHydrogenProduc
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Bioenergy power plantsWind farmSmal
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Nuclear energy(fission and fusion)$
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19 andRisk, Toxicology,Human Health
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Number of individuals affectedVerys
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How Can We Estimate the Toxicity of
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dosage. With the threshold dose-res
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HormoneEstrogenlike chemicalAntiand
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19-4 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS:DISEASE IN
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A typical virus consists of a shell
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For example, the West Nile virus ha
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eggs4. Parasite invadesblood cells,
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AgentContagiousSymptomsMortality(if
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Cause of DeathAnnual DeathsPoverty/
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■ How should limited funds be spe
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20 AirPollutionAirPopulationPolluti
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layer of rising and falling air cur
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Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad
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tems, most scientists say that it m
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UltrafineParticlesSea salt nucleiFi
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Warmer airInversion layerIncreasing
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4.75.45.14.75.25.35.35.55.95.54.75.
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when the soil pH falls below 5.1. E
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educe or eliminate emissions of SO
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FurnaceSlabSoilClothesdryerRadon-22
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How Many People Die Prematurely fro
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plant expansions, or sell them to o
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Cleaned gasElectrodesCleaned gasDir
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PreventionCover ceiling tilesand li
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21 andClimate ChangeOzone LossClima
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Average surface temperature (°C)Av
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380410Concentration of carbon dioxi
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Table 21-2 Major Characteristics of
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are dying because the permafrost un
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CellCloudsLandOceanAccording to the
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They suggest that this indicates th
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Agriculture• Shifts in food-growi
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ter temperatures in the Sierra Neva
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PreventionCut fossil fueluse (espec
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taxes on carbon emissions or fuel u
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What Can You Do?Reducing CO 2 Emiss
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Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluo
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ozone in the stratosphere. From a h
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Abundance (parts per trillion)INDIV
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22 WaterPollutionWaterPollutionCont
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Table 22-2 Common Diseases Transmit
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Because point sources are at specif
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veloped countries. Two causes of th
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Nitrogen compoundsproduced by carsa
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ties of acids, pesticides, and othe
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ern India drink groundwater contami
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100 kilometers (62 miles) of the co
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Dumping industrial waste off U.S. c
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The key to protecting oceans is to
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PrimarySecondaryGritBar screen cham
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where bacteria break down remaining
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Officials are working to find ways
Page 513 and 514:
It is a hard truth to swallow, but
Page 515 and 516:
A weed is a plant whose virtues hav
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veloped countries, but use in devel
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U.S. Department of Agricultureresis
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What Goes Around CanCome AroundU.S.
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our bodies, and we should be concer
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U.S. Department of AgricultureAgric
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and opposition from agricultural ch
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Solid wastes are only raw materials
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24-2 PRODUCING LESS WASTEWhat Are O
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PharmaceuticalplantSludgeLocal farm
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matter and energy resources, cuts p
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Reduces globalwarmingReduces acidde
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xHOW WOULD YOU VOTE? Should househo
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Disposalwaste, pollutionUsebleach,d
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What Are the Advantages and Disadva
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What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your
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icals. Scientists are testing the u
Page 549 and 550:
Most hazardous waste in the United
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PreventionPhase out leadedgasoline
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EPA advised women who may become pr
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When they can be found, responsible
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out use of these chemicals and to d
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25 SustainableCitiesBiodiversityEne
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Karachi10.4 million16.2 millionDhak
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Image provided courtesy of theU.S.
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InputsOutputsEnergyFoodWaterRawmate
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Despite joblessness, squalor, overc
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day—and injure another 15 million
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T rade-OffsMass Transit RailT rade-
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area (Figure 25-7) between 1862 and
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MajorhighwaysGreenbeltUrban centerS
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powered motorcycles by 2007, and is
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26 andEconomics, Environment,Sustai
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price matches what buyers are willi
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SunEARTHFigure 26-4 Ecological econ
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CostHighLowOptimum pollutionclean-u
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onment, their flow rates through th
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cluding costs, as much as possible,
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• Decreases depletion and degrada
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Should We Rely More on Tradable Pol
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Figure 26-14 Data on the global dis
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Microloans to the PoorMost of thewo
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Sunset BusinessesCoal miningOil pro
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27 andPolitics, Environment,Sustain
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ness, and environmental leaders and
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Leaders are persons whom other peop
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issue as the key to making governme
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LobbyistsLobbyistsLawmaking bodyPub
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19691970197119721973197419751976197
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noise to certain levels or to elimi
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The spearhead of the global conserv
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Such audits have resulted in numero
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natural capital. According to envir
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Speth and several other national an
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■ Open all discussions and findin
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7. Explain why you agree or disagre
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The main ingredients of an environm
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global economy with minimal governm
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What Is the Environmental WisdomWor
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onmental education. They cite some
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What Are Our Basic Needs?Obviously,
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new relationship with the earth tha
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APPENDIX 1UNITS OF MEASURELENGTHMet
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1930s 1940s 1950s1938 Federal Food,
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1970s1971Biologist BarryCommonerpub
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1991-2000Continuing efforts by anti
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OHcommon covalent compounds, formed
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A PPENDIX 4CLASSIFYING AND NAMING S
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GLOSSARYabiotic Nonliving. Compare
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CFCsSee chlorofluorocarbons.chain r
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timeters (10 inches) a year. Such a
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eutrophication Physical, chemical,
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high-throughput economy The situati
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distribution facilities. Compare hu
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and with atoms of one or more other
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adioactive decay Change of a radioi
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soil permeability Rate at which wat
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transmissible disease A disease tha
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