Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability 1

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to oversee the functioning and funding of variousagencies of the executive branch concerned with carryingout government policies.The executive branch consists of the president, and astaff that together oversee the various agencies authorizedby Congress to carry out government policies.Major agencies responsible for environmental policyare listed in Figure 27-3. The president also proposes annualbudgets, legislation, and appointees for executivepositions, which must be approved by Congress, andtries to persuade Congress and the public to support hisor her policy proposals.PresidentWhite HouseOffice• Overall policy• Agency coordinationOffice ofManagementand Budget• Budget• Agency coordination andmanagementCouncil onEnvironmentalQuality• Environmental policy• Agency coordination• Environmental impact statementsDepartmentof Healthand HumanServicesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyDepartmentof JusticeDepartmentof theInteriorDepartmentof AgricultureDepartmentof Defense• Health• Air and waterpollution• Noise• Pesticides• Solid waste• Radiation• Toxic substances• Environmentallitigation• Endangered species• Energy• Minerals• National parks• Public lands• Fish and wildlife• Water development• Soil conservation• Forestry• Civil worksconstruction• Dredge and fillpermits• Pollution controlfrom defensefacilitiesNuclearRegulatoryCommissionDepartmentof StateDepartmentof CommerceDepartmentof LaborDepartmentof Housingand UrbanDevelopmentDepartment ofTransportation• Licensing andregulation ofnuclear power• Internationalenvironment• Oceanic andatmosphericmonitoring andresearch• Occupational health• Housing• Urban parks• Urban planning• Airplane noise• Mass transit• Oil pollution• RoadsDepartmentof EnergyTennesseeValleyAuthority• Energy policy• Petroleum allocation• Electric powergenerationFigure 27-3 Major federal agencies concerned with establishing regulations and implementing environmentallaws in the United States. Such agencies are established by Congress but are run by the president as part ofthe executive branch of government. This diagram shows only the environmental responsibilities of theseagencies. Many have a broad range of other responsibilities.612 CHAPTER 27 Politics, Environment, and Sustainability
LobbyistsLobbyistsLawmaking bodyPublic hearingSpecial interest groupsPublic advisoryRegulating enforcement bodyLaws andregulationsLegal actionLawyersLegal actionLawyersEnvironmentalorganizationsCourtsCorporations andsmall businessLaws andregulationsMembership supportBoycottsIndividualPurchase recyclable,recycled, and environmentallysafe productsRecycle cans,bottles, paper,and plasticPlant agardenDonate clothesand used goodsto charitiesUse water, energy,and otherresources efficientlyUse mass transit,walk, ride a bike,or carpoolFigure 27-4 Greatly simplified overview of how individuals and lobbyists for and against a particularenvironmental law interact with the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government in theUnited States. The bottom of this diagram also shows some ways in which individuals can bring about environmentalchange through their own lifestyles. See the website for this book for details on contactingelected representatives.The judicial branch consists of a complex and layeredseries of courts at the local, state, and federal levels.These courts enforce and interpret different lawspassed by legislative bodies.The major function of the federal government is todevelop and implement policy for dealing with variousissues. Policy is typically composed of laws passed bythe legislative branch, regulations instituted by the executivebranch to put laws into effect, and funding toimplement and enforce the laws and regulations.Figure 27-4 is a greatly simplified overview of how individualsand lobbyists for and against a particular environmentallaw interact with the three branches ofgovernment in the United States. Trace the flows of informationand feedback in this diagram.Several steps are involved in establishing federalenvironmental policy (or any other policy). First, lawmakersmust acknowledge that an environmentalproblem exists and that the government has a responsibilityto address it. Next, an interested party (such asa citizen, a group, a legislator, or the president) createsa bill hoping to pass it into law to deal with the problem.Converting a bill into a law is a complex processthat you can trace in Figure 27-5 (p. 614). An importanthttp://biology.brookscole.com/miller14613
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1Environmental Problems, TheirCause
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AirSOLAR ENERGYRESOURCESWaterEnergy
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changes that lead to an increasingl
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take the resources of 1.15 planet e
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Causes of Environmental Problems•
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Developing Countriesxx=Population (
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■ We should encourage earth-susta
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2. Write two-page scenarios describ
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A continent ages quickly once we co
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Good NewsMore foodSupported alarger
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Figure 2-8 Theodore (“Teddy”)Ro
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What Happened during the 1970s? The
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on which they and their ancestors h
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Science is an adventure of the huma
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CTIONSWhat Is Harmingthe Robins?Sup
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After building and testing a mathem
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I am going to give you a brief intr
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Figure 3-6 The pH scale, used to me
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The different molecules of DNA that
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Energy emitted from sun (kcal/cm 2
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aluminum foil. When solid water (ic
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nn23592 UUranium-235nucleus9236Kr14
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SolarenergyChemicalenergy(photosynt
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number of resource users. In other
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The earth’s thin film of living m
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(a) Eukaryotic CellNucleus(informat
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AtmosphereVegetationBiosphereand an
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Coastal chaparraland scrubConiferou
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NoorganismsLower limitof toleranceF
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Detritus feedersDecomposersLong-hor
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First TrophicLevelSecond TrophicLev
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Figure 4-20 Generalized pyramid of
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Terrestrial EcosystemsSwamps and ma
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every handful of topsoil break down
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suited for plant growth. It has a t
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Figure 4-29 Naturalcapital: simplif
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wildlife habitats, alter temperatur
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miningFertilizerexcretionuptake bya
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How Are Human Activities Affecting
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For example, people visit degraded
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There is grandeur to this view of l
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According to the theory of evolutio
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Black skimmerseizes small fishat wa
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5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION,AND BIOD
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Scientists have also identified per
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Identify and extractgene with desir
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infrared radiation, as a rattlesnak
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To do science is to search for repe
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figure. Scientists hypothesize that
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ArcticCircleTropic ofCancerNorth Pa
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Winds can also affect regionalclima
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FPO(a) Rays of sunlight penetrateth
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ColdPolarTundraSubpolarDecreasing t
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Figure 6-20 Natural capital:some co
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Beisa oryxCape buffaloWildebeestTop
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Figure 6-25 Natural capitaldegradat
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Natural Capital DegradationGrasslan
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4540HarpyeagleEmergentlayer35Tocoto
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with sunlight available only 6-8 ho
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Natural Capital DegradationWhen we
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If there is magic on this planet, i
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there. Photosynthesis cannot take p
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Figure 7-7 View of an estuary taken
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Rocky Shore BeachSea starHermit cra
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Figure 7-12 Natural capital:some co
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EcologicalServicesClimatemoderation
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In warm months the bottom layer of
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According to scientists, we urgentl
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Animal and vegetable life is too co
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HighHighHighRate of immigrationor e
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mostly on land and eat insects that
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According to this hypothesis, musse
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Many people—influenced by movies
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strychnine, peyote, nicotine, and r
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It is tempting to think of mutualis
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How Do Species Replace One Another
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By contrast, grasslands are much le
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9Population EcologyPopulationContro
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The size of a population that inclu
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Number of reindeer2,0001,5001,00050
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Reproductive individuals in populat
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Percentage surviving (log scale)100
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A third type of alteration is using
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In the next chapter we will apply t
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The problems to be faced are vast a
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ates affect a country’s populatio
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United States Mexico CanadaPopulati
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and a high incidence of infectious
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Age100+95-9990-9485-8980-8475-7970-
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Age Distribution (%)403530252015105
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80Stage 1PreindustrialStage 2Transi
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also make up 70% of the world’s p
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Such experience also suggests that
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Forests precede civilizations, dese
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The Species ApproachGoalProtect spe
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parkways, trails, rivers, seashores
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Weak treesremovedFigure 11-8 Short
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AdvantagesHigher timberyieldsMaximu
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trees no faster than they are reple
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Sudden oak death White pine blister
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vere forest fires for two reasons.
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and degradation practices, Brazil
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SolutionsSustaining Tropical Forest
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• Integrate plans for managing pa
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Should Reserves Be as Large as Poss
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Figure 11-24 Endangered natural cap
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ity of ecosystems well enough to re
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original state? How much of it shou
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The last word in ignorance is the p
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Florida manatee Northern spotted ow
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each of these three species estimat
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BiophiliaBiologist EdwardO. Wilson
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Island species, many of them endemi
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Deliberately Introduced SpeciesPurp
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The Termite from HellForget killer
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© Karl Ammann. Biosynergy Institut
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tional Trade in Endangered Species
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Most people would say yes. The prob
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the act allows for economic concern
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ity, with the aim of reintroducing
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The Department of Defense controls
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13 SustainingAquatic BiodiversityBi
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CobiaHogfishKelpCarrageenPacific sa
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peated scraping. Slow-growing, long
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control approach and to be sure the
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(CITES), the 1979 Global Treaty on
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Beetle car, and some of its arterie
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What Role Can ReconciliationEcology
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eries. When it works, community-bas
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GULF OFMEXICOAgricultural areaTreat
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water withdrawal for irrigation. An
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SolutionsRebuilding Salmon Populati
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14 Foodand Soil ResourcesSoilBiodiv
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Industrialized agricultureShifting
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First green revolution(developed co
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Low-Tech Sustainable Agriculture in
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According to the U.S. Department of
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OvergrazingDeforestationErosionCaus
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(a) Terracing(b) Contour planting a
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2,000400Grain production(millions o
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People who are underfed and underwe
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14-6 INCREASING CROPPRODUCTIONWhat
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sistence farmers in developing coun
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capita meat production more than do
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A more expensive and less widely us
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Spotter airplaneFish farmingin cage
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estuaries. Then the fish are releas
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Currently, organic farming is used
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15 WaterResourcesWaterCASE STUDYWat
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physically connects us to one anoth
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Groundwater normally moves from poi
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and wildlife could trigger “water
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city’s water systems have been ta
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for the dams and reservoirs and has
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has devastated the area’s fishing
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Aquifers provide drinking water for
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WYOMINGCOLORADONEW MEXICOSOUTH DAKO
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Mohamed El-Ashry of the World Resou
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water waste by about 84% while irri
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15-8 TOO MUCH WATERWhat Causes Floo
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gradually. Another way to reduce fl
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16 MineralGeology and NonrenewableR
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AbyssalhillsAbyssalfloorOceanicridg
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usually rides up over the denser oc
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cant (less than 4.0 on the Richter
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ported from their sources by water,
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How Are Buried Mineral DepositsRemo
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16-6 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTSOF USING
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Separationof ore fromgangueMetal or
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Some analysts contend that all we n
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Can We Find Substitutes for ScarceN
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Typical citizens of advanced indust
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Figure 17-5 shows energy consumptio
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Currently, oil has a high net energ
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ArcticOceanCoalPrince WilliamSoundG
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Oil (million barrels per day)120100
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Coal-firedelectricitySynthetic oil
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Burning natural gas emits CO 2 but
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Trade-OffsCoalxHOW WOULD YOU VOTE?
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Small amounts ofradioactive gasesUr
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After more than 50 years of develop
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CoalAmple supplyHigh net energyyiel
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corrode and release their radioacti
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out the entire rail or truck trip i
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manently in 1998. Because of this e
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18 andEnergy EfficiencyRenewable En
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Energy Inputs System Outputs86%8%3%
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source. These systems have an energ
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ABCombustion engine:Small, efficien
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Atlanta’s 13-story Georgia Power
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Net Energy EfficiencySuperinsulated
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Why Are We Still Wasting So Much En
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How Can We Cool Houses Naturally? I
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AdvantagesFairly high netenergyWork
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The DOE calls the Great Plains stat
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AdvantagesLarge potentialsupply in
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surface. Researchers in several cou
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Primary EnergySourcesHydrogenProduc
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Bioenergy power plantsWind farmSmal
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Nuclear energy(fission and fusion)$
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19 andRisk, Toxicology,Human Health
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Number of individuals affectedVerys
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How Can We Estimate the Toxicity of
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dosage. With the threshold dose-res
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HormoneEstrogenlike chemicalAntiand
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19-4 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS:DISEASE IN
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A typical virus consists of a shell
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For example, the West Nile virus ha
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eggs4. Parasite invadesblood cells,
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AgentContagiousSymptomsMortality(if
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Cause of DeathAnnual DeathsPoverty/
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■ How should limited funds be spe
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20 AirPollutionAirPopulationPolluti
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layer of rising and falling air cur
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Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad
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tems, most scientists say that it m
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UltrafineParticlesSea salt nucleiFi
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Warmer airInversion layerIncreasing
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4.75.45.14.75.25.35.35.55.95.54.75.
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when the soil pH falls below 5.1. E
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educe or eliminate emissions of SO
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FurnaceSlabSoilClothesdryerRadon-22
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How Many People Die Prematurely fro
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plant expansions, or sell them to o
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Cleaned gasElectrodesCleaned gasDir
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PreventionCover ceiling tilesand li
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21 andClimate ChangeOzone LossClima
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Average surface temperature (°C)Av
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380410Concentration of carbon dioxi
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Table 21-2 Major Characteristics of
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are dying because the permafrost un
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CellCloudsLandOceanAccording to the
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They suggest that this indicates th
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Agriculture• Shifts in food-growi
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ter temperatures in the Sierra Neva
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PreventionCut fossil fueluse (espec
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taxes on carbon emissions or fuel u
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What Can You Do?Reducing CO 2 Emiss
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Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluo
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ozone in the stratosphere. From a h
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Abundance (parts per trillion)INDIV
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22 WaterPollutionWaterPollutionCont
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Table 22-2 Common Diseases Transmit
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Because point sources are at specif
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veloped countries. Two causes of th
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Nitrogen compoundsproduced by carsa
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ties of acids, pesticides, and othe
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ern India drink groundwater contami
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100 kilometers (62 miles) of the co
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Dumping industrial waste off U.S. c
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The key to protecting oceans is to
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PrimarySecondaryGritBar screen cham
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where bacteria break down remaining
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Officials are working to find ways
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It is a hard truth to swallow, but
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A weed is a plant whose virtues hav
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veloped countries, but use in devel
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U.S. Department of Agricultureresis
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What Goes Around CanCome AroundU.S.
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our bodies, and we should be concer
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U.S. Department of AgricultureAgric
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and opposition from agricultural ch
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Solid wastes are only raw materials
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24-2 PRODUCING LESS WASTEWhat Are O
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PharmaceuticalplantSludgeLocal farm
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matter and energy resources, cuts p
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Reduces globalwarmingReduces acidde
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xHOW WOULD YOU VOTE? Should househo
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Disposalwaste, pollutionUsebleach,d
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What Are the Advantages and Disadva
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What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your
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icals. Scientists are testing the u
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Most hazardous waste in the United
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PreventionPhase out leadedgasoline
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EPA advised women who may become pr
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When they can be found, responsible
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Page 559 and 560: 25 SustainableCitiesBiodiversityEne
Page 561 and 562: Karachi10.4 million16.2 millionDhak
Page 563 and 564: Image provided courtesy of theU.S.
Page 565 and 566: InputsOutputsEnergyFoodWaterRawmate
Page 567 and 568: Despite joblessness, squalor, overc
Page 569 and 570: day—and injure another 15 million
Page 571 and 572: T rade-OffsMass Transit RailT rade-
Page 573 and 574: area (Figure 25-7) between 1862 and
Page 575 and 576: MajorhighwaysGreenbeltUrban centerS
Page 577 and 578: powered motorcycles by 2007, and is
Page 579 and 580: 26 andEconomics, Environment,Sustai
Page 581 and 582: price matches what buyers are willi
Page 583 and 584: SunEARTHFigure 26-4 Ecological econ
Page 585 and 586: CostHighLowOptimum pollutionclean-u
Page 587 and 588: onment, their flow rates through th
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Page 591 and 592: • Decreases depletion and degrada
Page 593 and 594: Should We Rely More on Tradable Pol
Page 595 and 596: Figure 26-14 Data on the global dis
Page 597 and 598: Microloans to the PoorMost of thewo
Page 599 and 600: Sunset BusinessesCoal miningOil pro
Page 601 and 602: 27 andPolitics, Environment,Sustain
Page 603 and 604: ness, and environmental leaders and
Page 605 and 606: Leaders are persons whom other peop
Page 607: issue as the key to making governme
Page 611 and 612: 19691970197119721973197419751976197
Page 613 and 614: noise to certain levels or to elimi
Page 615 and 616: The spearhead of the global conserv
Page 617 and 618: Such audits have resulted in numero
Page 619 and 620: natural capital. According to envir
Page 621 and 622: Speth and several other national an
Page 623 and 624: ■ Open all discussions and findin
Page 625 and 626: 7. Explain why you agree or disagre
Page 627 and 628: The main ingredients of an environm
Page 629 and 630: global economy with minimal governm
Page 631 and 632: What Is the Environmental WisdomWor
Page 633 and 634: onmental education. They cite some
Page 635 and 636: What Are Our Basic Needs?Obviously,
Page 637 and 638: new relationship with the earth tha
Page 639 and 640: APPENDIX 1UNITS OF MEASURELENGTHMet
Page 641 and 642: 1930s 1940s 1950s1938 Federal Food,
Page 643 and 644: 1970s1971Biologist BarryCommonerpub
Page 645 and 646: 1991-2000Continuing efforts by anti
Page 647 and 648: OHcommon covalent compounds, formed
Page 649 and 650: A PPENDIX 4CLASSIFYING AND NAMING S
Page 651 and 652: GLOSSARYabiotic Nonliving. Compare
Page 653 and 654: CFCsSee chlorofluorocarbons.chain r
Page 655 and 656: timeters (10 inches) a year. Such a
Page 657 and 658: eutrophication Physical, chemical,
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high-throughput economy The situati
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distribution facilities. Compare hu
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and with atoms of one or more other
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adioactive decay Change of a radioi
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soil permeability Rate at which wat
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transmissible disease A disease tha
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