Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability 1

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compacted bales of low-cost straw and then coveringthe bales on the outside and inside with plaster oradobe. The main problem is getting banks and othermoneylenders to recognize the potential of this andother unconventional types of housing and to providehomeowners with construction loans. (See theGuest Essay about strawbale and solar energy housesby Nancy Wicks on the website for this chapter.)Ecoroofs or green roofs covered with plants havebeen used in Germany, in other parts of Europe, and inIceland for decades. With proper design, these plantcoveredroof gardens provide good insulation, absorbstorm water and release it slowly, outlast conventionalroofs, and make a building or home more energy efficient.Designing and installing such systems could bean interesting career.How Can We Save Energy in ExistingBuildings? Stop Leaks and Use Energy-Efficient DevicesWe can save energy in existing buildings byinsulating them, plugging leaks, and using energyefficientheating and cooling systems, appliances,and lighting.Here are some ways to save energy in existingbuildings.■ Insulate and plug leaks. About one-third of heated airin U.S. homes and buildings escapes through closedwindows and holes and cracks (Figure 18-14)—roughly equal to the energy in all the oil flowingthrough the Alaska pipeline every year. During hotweather these windows and cracks also let heat in, increasingthe use of air conditioning. Although not verysexy, adding insulation and plugging leaks in a houseare two of the quickest, cheapest, and best ways tosave energy and money.■ Use energy-efficient windows. Replacing all windowsin the United States with low-E (low-emissivity) windowswould cut expensive heat losses from houses bytwo-thirds and reduce CO 2 emissions. Widely availablesuperinsulating windows insulate as well as 8–12sheets of glass. Although they cost 10–15% more thandouble-glazed windows, this cost is paid back rapidlyby the energy they save. Even better windows willreach the market soon.■ Stop other heating and cooling losses. Leaky heatingand cooling ducts in attics and unheated basementsallow 20–30% of a home’s heating and cooling energyto escape and draw unwanted moisture and heat intothe home. Careful sealing can reduce this loss. Somedesigns for new homes keep the ducts inside thehome’s thermal envelope so that escaping hot or coolair feeds back into the living space.■ Heat houses more efficiently (Figure 18-15). In order,the most energy-efficient ways to heat a space are:superinsulation, a geothermal heat pump, passivesolar heating, a conventional heat pump (in warmclimates only), small cogenerating microturbines, anda high-efficiency (85–98%) natural gas furnace. Themost wasteful and expensive way is to use electricresistance heating with the electricity produced by acoal-fired or nuclear power plant (Figure 18-6). InGermany and the United States there is increasing useVANSCAN ® Continuous Mobile Thermogram by Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.Figure 18-14 An infrared photo (thermogram) showing heat loss (red, white, and orange) around the windows,doors, roofs, and foundations of houses and stores in Plymouth, Michigan. Many homes and buildings in theUnited States and in most other countries are so full of leaks that their heat loss in cold weather and heat gainin hot weather are equivalent to having a large window-sized hole in the wall of the house.388 CHAPTER 18 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Net Energy EfficiencySuperinsulated house (100% of heat R-43)98%Geothermal heat pumps (100% of heat and cooling)96%Passive solar (100% of heat)Passive solar (50% of heat) plus highefficiencynatural gas furnace (50% of heat)Natural gas with high-efficiency furnaceElectric resistance heating (electricityfrom hydroelectric power plant)90%87%84%82%Natural gas with typical furnacePasssive solar (50% of heat) plus highefficiencywood stove (50% of heat)65%70%Oil furnaceElectric heat pump (electricityfrom coal-fired power plant)50%53%High-efficiency wood stoveActive solarElectric heat pump (electricityfrom nuclear plant)39%35%30%Typical wood stoveElectric resistance heating (electricityfrom coal-fired power plant)Electric resistance heating (electricityfrom nuclear plant)14%26%25%Figure 18-15 Solutions: ways to heat an enclosed space such as a house, ranked by net energy efficiency.(Data from Howard T. Odum)SummersunHeat to house(radiators orforced air duct)WintersunSuperwindowSuperwindowHeavyinsulationHotwatertankPumpSuperwindowStone floor and wallfor heat storageHeatexchangerPASSIVEACTIVEFigure 18-16 Solutions: passive and active solar heating for a home.http://biology.brookscole.com/miller14389
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1Environmental Problems, TheirCause
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AirSOLAR ENERGYRESOURCESWaterEnergy
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changes that lead to an increasingl
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take the resources of 1.15 planet e
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Causes of Environmental Problems•
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Developing Countriesxx=Population (
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■ We should encourage earth-susta
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2. Write two-page scenarios describ
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A continent ages quickly once we co
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Good NewsMore foodSupported alarger
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Figure 2-8 Theodore (“Teddy”)Ro
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What Happened during the 1970s? The
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on which they and their ancestors h
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Science is an adventure of the huma
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CTIONSWhat Is Harmingthe Robins?Sup
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After building and testing a mathem
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I am going to give you a brief intr
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Figure 3-6 The pH scale, used to me
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The different molecules of DNA that
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Energy emitted from sun (kcal/cm 2
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aluminum foil. When solid water (ic
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nn23592 UUranium-235nucleus9236Kr14
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SolarenergyChemicalenergy(photosynt
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number of resource users. In other
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The earth’s thin film of living m
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(a) Eukaryotic CellNucleus(informat
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AtmosphereVegetationBiosphereand an
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Coastal chaparraland scrubConiferou
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NoorganismsLower limitof toleranceF
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Detritus feedersDecomposersLong-hor
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First TrophicLevelSecond TrophicLev
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Figure 4-20 Generalized pyramid of
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Terrestrial EcosystemsSwamps and ma
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every handful of topsoil break down
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suited for plant growth. It has a t
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Figure 4-29 Naturalcapital: simplif
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wildlife habitats, alter temperatur
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miningFertilizerexcretionuptake bya
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How Are Human Activities Affecting
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For example, people visit degraded
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There is grandeur to this view of l
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According to the theory of evolutio
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Black skimmerseizes small fishat wa
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5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION,AND BIOD
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Scientists have also identified per
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Identify and extractgene with desir
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infrared radiation, as a rattlesnak
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To do science is to search for repe
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figure. Scientists hypothesize that
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ArcticCircleTropic ofCancerNorth Pa
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Winds can also affect regionalclima
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FPO(a) Rays of sunlight penetrateth
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ColdPolarTundraSubpolarDecreasing t
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Figure 6-20 Natural capital:some co
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Beisa oryxCape buffaloWildebeestTop
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Figure 6-25 Natural capitaldegradat
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Natural Capital DegradationGrasslan
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4540HarpyeagleEmergentlayer35Tocoto
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with sunlight available only 6-8 ho
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Natural Capital DegradationWhen we
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If there is magic on this planet, i
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there. Photosynthesis cannot take p
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Figure 7-7 View of an estuary taken
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Rocky Shore BeachSea starHermit cra
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Figure 7-12 Natural capital:some co
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EcologicalServicesClimatemoderation
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In warm months the bottom layer of
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According to scientists, we urgentl
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Animal and vegetable life is too co
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HighHighHighRate of immigrationor e
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mostly on land and eat insects that
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According to this hypothesis, musse
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Many people—influenced by movies
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strychnine, peyote, nicotine, and r
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It is tempting to think of mutualis
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How Do Species Replace One Another
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By contrast, grasslands are much le
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9Population EcologyPopulationContro
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The size of a population that inclu
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Number of reindeer2,0001,5001,00050
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Reproductive individuals in populat
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Percentage surviving (log scale)100
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A third type of alteration is using
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In the next chapter we will apply t
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The problems to be faced are vast a
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ates affect a country’s populatio
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United States Mexico CanadaPopulati
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and a high incidence of infectious
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Age100+95-9990-9485-8980-8475-7970-
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Age Distribution (%)403530252015105
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80Stage 1PreindustrialStage 2Transi
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also make up 70% of the world’s p
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Such experience also suggests that
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Forests precede civilizations, dese
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The Species ApproachGoalProtect spe
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parkways, trails, rivers, seashores
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Weak treesremovedFigure 11-8 Short
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AdvantagesHigher timberyieldsMaximu
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trees no faster than they are reple
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Sudden oak death White pine blister
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vere forest fires for two reasons.
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and degradation practices, Brazil
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SolutionsSustaining Tropical Forest
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• Integrate plans for managing pa
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Should Reserves Be as Large as Poss
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Figure 11-24 Endangered natural cap
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ity of ecosystems well enough to re
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original state? How much of it shou
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The last word in ignorance is the p
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Florida manatee Northern spotted ow
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each of these three species estimat
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BiophiliaBiologist EdwardO. Wilson
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Island species, many of them endemi
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Deliberately Introduced SpeciesPurp
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The Termite from HellForget killer
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© Karl Ammann. Biosynergy Institut
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tional Trade in Endangered Species
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Most people would say yes. The prob
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the act allows for economic concern
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ity, with the aim of reintroducing
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The Department of Defense controls
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13 SustainingAquatic BiodiversityBi
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CobiaHogfishKelpCarrageenPacific sa
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peated scraping. Slow-growing, long
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control approach and to be sure the
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(CITES), the 1979 Global Treaty on
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Beetle car, and some of its arterie
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What Role Can ReconciliationEcology
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eries. When it works, community-bas
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GULF OFMEXICOAgricultural areaTreat
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water withdrawal for irrigation. An
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SolutionsRebuilding Salmon Populati
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14 Foodand Soil ResourcesSoilBiodiv
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Industrialized agricultureShifting
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First green revolution(developed co
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Low-Tech Sustainable Agriculture in
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According to the U.S. Department of
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OvergrazingDeforestationErosionCaus
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(a) Terracing(b) Contour planting a
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2,000400Grain production(millions o
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People who are underfed and underwe
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14-6 INCREASING CROPPRODUCTIONWhat
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sistence farmers in developing coun
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capita meat production more than do
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A more expensive and less widely us
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Spotter airplaneFish farmingin cage
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estuaries. Then the fish are releas
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Currently, organic farming is used
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15 WaterResourcesWaterCASE STUDYWat
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physically connects us to one anoth
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Groundwater normally moves from poi
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and wildlife could trigger “water
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city’s water systems have been ta
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for the dams and reservoirs and has
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has devastated the area’s fishing
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Aquifers provide drinking water for
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WYOMINGCOLORADONEW MEXICOSOUTH DAKO
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Mohamed El-Ashry of the World Resou
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water waste by about 84% while irri
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15-8 TOO MUCH WATERWhat Causes Floo
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gradually. Another way to reduce fl
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16 MineralGeology and NonrenewableR
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AbyssalhillsAbyssalfloorOceanicridg
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usually rides up over the denser oc
Page 333 and 334: cant (less than 4.0 on the Richter
Page 335 and 336: ported from their sources by water,
Page 337 and 338: How Are Buried Mineral DepositsRemo
Page 339 and 340: 16-6 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTSOF USING
Page 341 and 342: Separationof ore fromgangueMetal or
Page 343 and 344: Some analysts contend that all we n
Page 345 and 346: Can We Find Substitutes for ScarceN
Page 347 and 348: Typical citizens of advanced indust
Page 349 and 350: Figure 17-5 shows energy consumptio
Page 351 and 352: Currently, oil has a high net energ
Page 353 and 354: ArcticOceanCoalPrince WilliamSoundG
Page 355 and 356: Oil (million barrels per day)120100
Page 357 and 358: Coal-firedelectricitySynthetic oil
Page 359 and 360: Burning natural gas emits CO 2 but
Page 361 and 362: Trade-OffsCoalxHOW WOULD YOU VOTE?
Page 363 and 364: Small amounts ofradioactive gasesUr
Page 365 and 366: After more than 50 years of develop
Page 367 and 368: CoalAmple supplyHigh net energyyiel
Page 369 and 370: corrode and release their radioacti
Page 371 and 372: out the entire rail or truck trip i
Page 373 and 374: manently in 1998. Because of this e
Page 375 and 376: 18 andEnergy EfficiencyRenewable En
Page 377 and 378: Energy Inputs System Outputs86%8%3%
Page 379 and 380: source. These systems have an energ
Page 381 and 382: ABCombustion engine:Small, efficien
Page 383: Atlanta’s 13-story Georgia Power
Page 387 and 388: Why Are We Still Wasting So Much En
Page 389 and 390: How Can We Cool Houses Naturally? I
Page 391 and 392: AdvantagesFairly high netenergyWork
Page 393 and 394: The DOE calls the Great Plains stat
Page 395 and 396: AdvantagesLarge potentialsupply in
Page 397 and 398: surface. Researchers in several cou
Page 399 and 400: Primary EnergySourcesHydrogenProduc
Page 401 and 402: Bioenergy power plantsWind farmSmal
Page 403 and 404: Nuclear energy(fission and fusion)$
Page 405 and 406: 19 andRisk, Toxicology,Human Health
Page 407 and 408: Number of individuals affectedVerys
Page 409 and 410: How Can We Estimate the Toxicity of
Page 411 and 412: dosage. With the threshold dose-res
Page 413 and 414: HormoneEstrogenlike chemicalAntiand
Page 415 and 416: 19-4 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS:DISEASE IN
Page 417 and 418: A typical virus consists of a shell
Page 419 and 420: For example, the West Nile virus ha
Page 421 and 422: eggs4. Parasite invadesblood cells,
Page 423 and 424: AgentContagiousSymptomsMortality(if
Page 425 and 426: Cause of DeathAnnual DeathsPoverty/
Page 427 and 428: ■ How should limited funds be spe
Page 429 and 430: 20 AirPollutionAirPopulationPolluti
Page 431 and 432: layer of rising and falling air cur
Page 433 and 434: Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad
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tems, most scientists say that it m
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UltrafineParticlesSea salt nucleiFi
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Warmer airInversion layerIncreasing
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4.75.45.14.75.25.35.35.55.95.54.75.
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when the soil pH falls below 5.1. E
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educe or eliminate emissions of SO
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FurnaceSlabSoilClothesdryerRadon-22
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How Many People Die Prematurely fro
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plant expansions, or sell them to o
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Cleaned gasElectrodesCleaned gasDir
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PreventionCover ceiling tilesand li
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21 andClimate ChangeOzone LossClima
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Average surface temperature (°C)Av
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380410Concentration of carbon dioxi
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Table 21-2 Major Characteristics of
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are dying because the permafrost un
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CellCloudsLandOceanAccording to the
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They suggest that this indicates th
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Agriculture• Shifts in food-growi
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ter temperatures in the Sierra Neva
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PreventionCut fossil fueluse (espec
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taxes on carbon emissions or fuel u
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What Can You Do?Reducing CO 2 Emiss
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Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluo
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ozone in the stratosphere. From a h
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Abundance (parts per trillion)INDIV
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22 WaterPollutionWaterPollutionCont
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Table 22-2 Common Diseases Transmit
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Because point sources are at specif
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veloped countries. Two causes of th
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Nitrogen compoundsproduced by carsa
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ties of acids, pesticides, and othe
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ern India drink groundwater contami
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100 kilometers (62 miles) of the co
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Dumping industrial waste off U.S. c
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The key to protecting oceans is to
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PrimarySecondaryGritBar screen cham
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where bacteria break down remaining
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Officials are working to find ways
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It is a hard truth to swallow, but
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A weed is a plant whose virtues hav
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veloped countries, but use in devel
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U.S. Department of Agricultureresis
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What Goes Around CanCome AroundU.S.
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our bodies, and we should be concer
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U.S. Department of AgricultureAgric
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and opposition from agricultural ch
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Solid wastes are only raw materials
Page 531 and 532:
24-2 PRODUCING LESS WASTEWhat Are O
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PharmaceuticalplantSludgeLocal farm
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matter and energy resources, cuts p
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Reduces globalwarmingReduces acidde
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xHOW WOULD YOU VOTE? Should househo
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Disposalwaste, pollutionUsebleach,d
Page 543 and 544:
What Are the Advantages and Disadva
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What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your
Page 547 and 548:
icals. Scientists are testing the u
Page 549 and 550:
Most hazardous waste in the United
Page 551 and 552:
PreventionPhase out leadedgasoline
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EPA advised women who may become pr
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When they can be found, responsible
Page 557 and 558:
out use of these chemicals and to d
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25 SustainableCitiesBiodiversityEne
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Karachi10.4 million16.2 millionDhak
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Image provided courtesy of theU.S.
Page 565 and 566:
InputsOutputsEnergyFoodWaterRawmate
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Despite joblessness, squalor, overc
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day—and injure another 15 million
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T rade-OffsMass Transit RailT rade-
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area (Figure 25-7) between 1862 and
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MajorhighwaysGreenbeltUrban centerS
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powered motorcycles by 2007, and is
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26 andEconomics, Environment,Sustai
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price matches what buyers are willi
Page 583 and 584:
SunEARTHFigure 26-4 Ecological econ
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CostHighLowOptimum pollutionclean-u
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onment, their flow rates through th
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cluding costs, as much as possible,
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• Decreases depletion and degrada
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Should We Rely More on Tradable Pol
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Figure 26-14 Data on the global dis
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Microloans to the PoorMost of thewo
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Sunset BusinessesCoal miningOil pro
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27 andPolitics, Environment,Sustain
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ness, and environmental leaders and
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Leaders are persons whom other peop
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issue as the key to making governme
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LobbyistsLobbyistsLawmaking bodyPub
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19691970197119721973197419751976197
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noise to certain levels or to elimi
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The spearhead of the global conserv
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Such audits have resulted in numero
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natural capital. According to envir
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Speth and several other national an
Page 623 and 624:
■ Open all discussions and findin
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7. Explain why you agree or disagre
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The main ingredients of an environm
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global economy with minimal governm
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What Is the Environmental WisdomWor
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onmental education. They cite some
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What Are Our Basic Needs?Obviously,
Page 637 and 638:
new relationship with the earth tha
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APPENDIX 1UNITS OF MEASURELENGTHMet
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1930s 1940s 1950s1938 Federal Food,
Page 643 and 644:
1970s1971Biologist BarryCommonerpub
Page 645 and 646:
1991-2000Continuing efforts by anti
Page 647 and 648:
OHcommon covalent compounds, formed
Page 649 and 650:
A PPENDIX 4CLASSIFYING AND NAMING S
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GLOSSARYabiotic Nonliving. Compare
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CFCsSee chlorofluorocarbons.chain r
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timeters (10 inches) a year. Such a
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eutrophication Physical, chemical,
Page 659 and 660:
high-throughput economy The situati
Page 661 and 662:
distribution facilities. Compare hu
Page 663 and 664:
and with atoms of one or more other
Page 665 and 666:
adioactive decay Change of a radioi
Page 667 and 668:
soil permeability Rate at which wat
Page 669:
transmissible disease A disease tha
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