Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability 1

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Biodiversity LossLoss and degradation of habitat fromclearing grasslands and forests anddraining wetlandsFish kills from pesticide runoffKilling of wild predators to protectlivestockLoss of genetic diversity fromreplacing thousands of wild cropstrains with a few monoculture strainsSoilErosionLoss of fertilitySalinizationWaterloggingDesertificationAir PollutionGreenhouse gas emissions from fossilfuel useOther air pollutants from fossil fuel usePollution from pesticide spraysWater wasteAquifer depletionIncreased runoff andflooding from land clearedto grow cropsSediment pollution fromerosionFish kills from pesticiderunoffWaterSurface and groundwaterpollution from pesticidesand fertilizersOverfertilization of lakesand slow-moving riversfrom runoff of nitrates andphosphates fromfertilizers, livestockwastes, and foodprocessing wastesHuman HealthNitrates in drinking waterPesticide residues in drinking water,food, and airContamination of drinking andswimming water with disease organismsfrom livestock wastesBacterial contamination of meatFigure 14-18 Natural capital degradation: major environmental effects of food production. According to UNstudies, land degradation reduced cumulative food production worldwide by about 13% on cropland and 4%on pastureland between 1950 and 2000.overcutting its forests, and overpumping its aquifers.”See his guest essay on the website for this chapter.Other analysts disagree. According to a 1997study by the International Food Policy Institute, Chinashould be able to feed its population and begin exportinggrain again by 2020 if the government investsin expanding irrigation, using more water-efficientforms of irrigation, and increasing agricultural research.Also, recent satellite surveys show that Chinahas about 40% more potential cropland than previouslythought. In addition, the World Bank concludedin 1997 that China’s domestic food production shouldkeep up with its population growth for the next twoor three decades without having to import largeamounts of grain. China’s food production dilemmaillustrates how the problems of population growth,economic development, and environmental degradationcan interact.290 CHAPTER 14 Food and Soil Resources
14-6 INCREASING CROPPRODUCTIONWhat Is the Gene Revolution? From Crossbreedingto Mixing Genes in a New WayWe can increase crop yields by using crossbreedingto mix the genes of similar types of organisms andgenetic engineering to mix those of differentorganisms.For centuries, farmers and scientists have used crossbreedingthrough artificial selection to develop geneticallyimproved varieties of crop strains (Figure 5-10,p. 97). Such selective breeding has had amazing results.Ancient ears of corn were about the size of yourlittle finger and wild tomatoes were once the size of agrape.But traditional crossbreeding is a slow process,typically taking 15 years or more to produce a commerciallyvaluable new variety and can combine traitsonly from species that are close to one another genetically.It also provides varieties that are useful for onlyabout 5–10 years before pests and diseases reduce theireffectiveness.Scientists are creating a third green revolution—actuallya gene revolution—by using genetic engineering todevelop genetically improved strains of crops and livestockanimals. It involves splicing a gene from onespecies and transplanting it into the DNA of anotherspecies (Figure 5-11, p. 98). Compared to traditionalcrossbreeding, gene splicing takes about half as long todevelop a new crop, cuts costs, and allows the insertionof genes from almost any other organism into crop cells.Ready or not, the world is entering the age of geneticengineering. More than two-thirds of the foodproducts on U.S. supermarket shelves contain ingredientsmade from genetically engineered crops, and theproportion is increasing rapidly. Currently, geneticallyengineered crops account for about 5% of the world’scrop area. But by 2020 more cropland may be devotedto genetically engineered crops than to conventionalcrossbred crops.Bioengineers are developing or plan to developnew varieties of crops resistant to heat, cold, herbicides,insect pests, parasites, viral diseases, drought,and salty or acidic soil. They also hope to develop cropplants that that can grow faster and survive with littleor no irrigation and with less fertilizer and pesticides.For example, bioengineers have altered citrus trees(that normally take 6 years to produce fruit) to yieldfruit in only one year. They hope to go further and useadvanced tissue culture techniques to mass-produce onlyorange juice sacs. This would eliminate the need forcitrus orchards and would free large amounts of landfor other purposes such as biodiversity protection.A team of research scientists at Washington StateUniversity is experimenting with cell cultures to producea variety of food and medical products in fermentationtanks or bioreactors. These cell factorieswould contain mixtures of various plant and animalcells suspended in nutrient solutions of salts and carbohydrates.If successful and affordable, such food factorysystems could produce food independent of localweather in environmentally controlled buildings inlocal areas. This would reduce the environmental impactsof food production and greatly reduce longdistanceshipping costs.However, critics note that so far most geneticallymodified crops have been for use in temperate areasrather than on subsistence crops in the tropics wherefood needs are the greatest. Also two-thirds of availabletransgenic crops have been engineered to toleratemore herbicides (and thus increase herbicide sales)rather than for pest resistance and improved foodquality. This has occurred because seed companies understandablyconcentrate on developing crops thatwill give them high profits in countries where farmerscan afford the new varieties.How Safe Are Genetically Modified Foods?Savior or Frankenfood?There is controversy over whether the benefitsof genetically engineered food outweigh its unintendedand potentially harmful effects.Despite the promise, there is considerable controversyover the use of genetically modified food (GMF) andother forms of genetic engineering. Such food is seenby its producers and investors as a potentially sustainableway to solve world food problems but critics considerit potentially dangerous “Frankenfood”. Figure14-19 (p. 292) summarizes the projected advantagesand disadvantages of this new technology. Study thisfigure carefully.Critics recognize the potential benefits of geneticallymodified crops. But they warn that we know toolittle about the potential harm to human health andecosystems from widespread use of such crops. Also,genetically modified organisms cannot be recalled ifthey cause unintended harmful genetic and ecologicaleffects—as some scientists expect to happen.In 2002 biologist Barry Commoner warned, “Thegenetically engineered crops now being grown representa massive uncontrolled experiment whose outcomeis inherently unpredictable. The results could becatastrophic.” Until we have more information, suchcritics call for more controlled field experiments,more research and long-term safety testing to betterunderstand the risks, and stricter regulation of thistechnology.http://biology.brookscole.com/miller14291
Page 1 and 2:
1Environmental Problems, TheirCause
Page 3 and 4:
AirSOLAR ENERGYRESOURCESWaterEnergy
Page 5 and 6:
changes that lead to an increasingl
Page 7 and 8:
take the resources of 1.15 planet e
Page 9 and 10:
Causes of Environmental Problems•
Page 11 and 12:
Developing Countriesxx=Population (
Page 13 and 14:
■ We should encourage earth-susta
Page 15 and 16:
2. Write two-page scenarios describ
Page 17 and 18:
A continent ages quickly once we co
Page 19 and 20:
Good NewsMore foodSupported alarger
Page 22 and 23:
Figure 2-8 Theodore (“Teddy”)Ro
Page 24:
What Happened during the 1970s? The
Page 27 and 28:
on which they and their ancestors h
Page 29 and 30:
Science is an adventure of the huma
Page 31 and 32:
CTIONSWhat Is Harmingthe Robins?Sup
Page 33 and 34:
After building and testing a mathem
Page 35 and 36:
I am going to give you a brief intr
Page 37 and 38:
Figure 3-6 The pH scale, used to me
Page 39 and 40:
The different molecules of DNA that
Page 41 and 42:
Energy emitted from sun (kcal/cm 2
Page 43:
aluminum foil. When solid water (ic
Page 46 and 47:
nn23592 UUranium-235nucleus9236Kr14
Page 48 and 49:
SolarenergyChemicalenergy(photosynt
Page 50 and 51:
number of resource users. In other
Page 52 and 53:
The earth’s thin film of living m
Page 54 and 55:
(a) Eukaryotic CellNucleus(informat
Page 56 and 57:
AtmosphereVegetationBiosphereand an
Page 58 and 59:
Coastal chaparraland scrubConiferou
Page 60 and 61:
NoorganismsLower limitof toleranceF
Page 62 and 63:
Detritus feedersDecomposersLong-hor
Page 64 and 65:
First TrophicLevelSecond TrophicLev
Page 66 and 67:
Figure 4-20 Generalized pyramid of
Page 68 and 69:
Terrestrial EcosystemsSwamps and ma
Page 70 and 71:
every handful of topsoil break down
Page 72 and 73:
suited for plant growth. It has a t
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 4-29 Naturalcapital: simplif
Page 76 and 77:
wildlife habitats, alter temperatur
Page 78 and 79:
miningFertilizerexcretionuptake bya
Page 80 and 81:
How Are Human Activities Affecting
Page 82 and 83:
For example, people visit degraded
Page 84 and 85:
There is grandeur to this view of l
Page 86 and 87:
According to the theory of evolutio
Page 88 and 89:
Black skimmerseizes small fishat wa
Page 90 and 91:
5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION,AND BIOD
Page 92 and 93:
Scientists have also identified per
Page 94 and 95:
Identify and extractgene with desir
Page 96 and 97:
infrared radiation, as a rattlesnak
Page 98 and 99:
To do science is to search for repe
Page 100 and 101:
figure. Scientists hypothesize that
Page 102 and 103:
ArcticCircleTropic ofCancerNorth Pa
Page 104 and 105:
Winds can also affect regionalclima
Page 106 and 107:
FPO(a) Rays of sunlight penetrateth
Page 108 and 109:
ColdPolarTundraSubpolarDecreasing t
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 6-20 Natural capital:some co
Page 112 and 113:
Beisa oryxCape buffaloWildebeestTop
Page 114 and 115:
Figure 6-25 Natural capitaldegradat
Page 116 and 117:
Natural Capital DegradationGrasslan
Page 118 and 119:
4540HarpyeagleEmergentlayer35Tocoto
Page 120 and 121:
with sunlight available only 6-8 ho
Page 122 and 123:
Natural Capital DegradationWhen we
Page 124 and 125:
If there is magic on this planet, i
Page 126 and 127:
there. Photosynthesis cannot take p
Page 128 and 129:
Figure 7-7 View of an estuary taken
Page 130 and 131:
Rocky Shore BeachSea starHermit cra
Page 132 and 133:
Figure 7-12 Natural capital:some co
Page 134 and 135:
EcologicalServicesClimatemoderation
Page 136 and 137:
In warm months the bottom layer of
Page 138 and 139:
According to scientists, we urgentl
Page 140 and 141:
Animal and vegetable life is too co
Page 142 and 143:
HighHighHighRate of immigrationor e
Page 144 and 145:
mostly on land and eat insects that
Page 146 and 147:
According to this hypothesis, musse
Page 148 and 149:
Many people—influenced by movies
Page 150 and 151:
strychnine, peyote, nicotine, and r
Page 152 and 153:
It is tempting to think of mutualis
Page 155 and 156:
How Do Species Replace One Another
Page 157 and 158:
By contrast, grasslands are much le
Page 159 and 160:
9Population EcologyPopulationContro
Page 161 and 162:
The size of a population that inclu
Page 163 and 164:
Number of reindeer2,0001,5001,00050
Page 165 and 166:
Reproductive individuals in populat
Page 167 and 168:
Percentage surviving (log scale)100
Page 169 and 170:
A third type of alteration is using
Page 171 and 172:
In the next chapter we will apply t
Page 173 and 174:
The problems to be faced are vast a
Page 175 and 176:
ates affect a country’s populatio
Page 177 and 178:
United States Mexico CanadaPopulati
Page 179 and 180:
and a high incidence of infectious
Page 181 and 182:
Age100+95-9990-9485-8980-8475-7970-
Page 183 and 184:
Age Distribution (%)403530252015105
Page 185 and 186:
80Stage 1PreindustrialStage 2Transi
Page 187 and 188:
also make up 70% of the world’s p
Page 189 and 190:
Such experience also suggests that
Page 191 and 192:
Forests precede civilizations, dese
Page 193 and 194:
The Species ApproachGoalProtect spe
Page 195 and 196:
parkways, trails, rivers, seashores
Page 197 and 198:
Weak treesremovedFigure 11-8 Short
Page 199 and 200:
AdvantagesHigher timberyieldsMaximu
Page 201 and 202:
trees no faster than they are reple
Page 203 and 204:
Sudden oak death White pine blister
Page 205 and 206:
vere forest fires for two reasons.
Page 207 and 208:
and degradation practices, Brazil
Page 209 and 210:
SolutionsSustaining Tropical Forest
Page 211 and 212:
• Integrate plans for managing pa
Page 213 and 214:
Should Reserves Be as Large as Poss
Page 215 and 216:
Figure 11-24 Endangered natural cap
Page 217 and 218:
ity of ecosystems well enough to re
Page 219 and 220:
original state? How much of it shou
Page 221 and 222:
The last word in ignorance is the p
Page 223 and 224:
Florida manatee Northern spotted ow
Page 225 and 226:
each of these three species estimat
Page 227 and 228:
BiophiliaBiologist EdwardO. Wilson
Page 229 and 230:
Island species, many of them endemi
Page 231 and 232:
Deliberately Introduced SpeciesPurp
Page 233 and 234:
The Termite from HellForget killer
Page 235 and 236: © Karl Ammann. Biosynergy Institut
Page 237 and 238: tional Trade in Endangered Species
Page 239 and 240: Most people would say yes. The prob
Page 241 and 242: the act allows for economic concern
Page 243 and 244: ity, with the aim of reintroducing
Page 245 and 246: The Department of Defense controls
Page 247 and 248: 13 SustainingAquatic BiodiversityBi
Page 249 and 250: CobiaHogfishKelpCarrageenPacific sa
Page 251 and 252: peated scraping. Slow-growing, long
Page 253 and 254: control approach and to be sure the
Page 255 and 256: (CITES), the 1979 Global Treaty on
Page 257 and 258: Beetle car, and some of its arterie
Page 259 and 260: What Role Can ReconciliationEcology
Page 261 and 262: eries. When it works, community-bas
Page 263 and 264: GULF OFMEXICOAgricultural areaTreat
Page 265 and 266: water withdrawal for irrigation. An
Page 267 and 268: SolutionsRebuilding Salmon Populati
Page 269 and 270: 14 Foodand Soil ResourcesSoilBiodiv
Page 271 and 272: Industrialized agricultureShifting
Page 273 and 274: First green revolution(developed co
Page 275 and 276: Low-Tech Sustainable Agriculture in
Page 277 and 278: According to the U.S. Department of
Page 279 and 280: OvergrazingDeforestationErosionCaus
Page 281 and 282: (a) Terracing(b) Contour planting a
Page 283 and 284: 2,000400Grain production(millions o
Page 285: People who are underfed and underwe
Page 289 and 290: sistence farmers in developing coun
Page 291 and 292: capita meat production more than do
Page 293 and 294: A more expensive and less widely us
Page 295 and 296: Spotter airplaneFish farmingin cage
Page 297 and 298: estuaries. Then the fish are releas
Page 299 and 300: Currently, organic farming is used
Page 301 and 302: 15 WaterResourcesWaterCASE STUDYWat
Page 303 and 304: physically connects us to one anoth
Page 305 and 306: Groundwater normally moves from poi
Page 307 and 308: and wildlife could trigger “water
Page 309 and 310: city’s water systems have been ta
Page 311 and 312: for the dams and reservoirs and has
Page 313 and 314: has devastated the area’s fishing
Page 315 and 316: Aquifers provide drinking water for
Page 317 and 318: WYOMINGCOLORADONEW MEXICOSOUTH DAKO
Page 319 and 320: Mohamed El-Ashry of the World Resou
Page 321 and 322: water waste by about 84% while irri
Page 323 and 324: 15-8 TOO MUCH WATERWhat Causes Floo
Page 325 and 326: gradually. Another way to reduce fl
Page 327 and 328: 16 MineralGeology and NonrenewableR
Page 329 and 330: AbyssalhillsAbyssalfloorOceanicridg
Page 331 and 332: usually rides up over the denser oc
Page 333 and 334: cant (less than 4.0 on the Richter
Page 335 and 336: ported from their sources by water,
Page 337 and 338:
How Are Buried Mineral DepositsRemo
Page 339 and 340:
16-6 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTSOF USING
Page 341 and 342:
Separationof ore fromgangueMetal or
Page 343 and 344:
Some analysts contend that all we n
Page 345 and 346:
Can We Find Substitutes for ScarceN
Page 347 and 348:
Typical citizens of advanced indust
Page 349 and 350:
Figure 17-5 shows energy consumptio
Page 351 and 352:
Currently, oil has a high net energ
Page 353 and 354:
ArcticOceanCoalPrince WilliamSoundG
Page 355 and 356:
Oil (million barrels per day)120100
Page 357 and 358:
Coal-firedelectricitySynthetic oil
Page 359 and 360:
Burning natural gas emits CO 2 but
Page 361 and 362:
Trade-OffsCoalxHOW WOULD YOU VOTE?
Page 363 and 364:
Small amounts ofradioactive gasesUr
Page 365 and 366:
After more than 50 years of develop
Page 367 and 368:
CoalAmple supplyHigh net energyyiel
Page 369 and 370:
corrode and release their radioacti
Page 371 and 372:
out the entire rail or truck trip i
Page 373 and 374:
manently in 1998. Because of this e
Page 375 and 376:
18 andEnergy EfficiencyRenewable En
Page 377 and 378:
Energy Inputs System Outputs86%8%3%
Page 379 and 380:
source. These systems have an energ
Page 381 and 382:
ABCombustion engine:Small, efficien
Page 383 and 384:
Atlanta’s 13-story Georgia Power
Page 385 and 386:
Net Energy EfficiencySuperinsulated
Page 387 and 388:
Why Are We Still Wasting So Much En
Page 389 and 390:
How Can We Cool Houses Naturally? I
Page 391 and 392:
AdvantagesFairly high netenergyWork
Page 393 and 394:
The DOE calls the Great Plains stat
Page 395 and 396:
AdvantagesLarge potentialsupply in
Page 397 and 398:
surface. Researchers in several cou
Page 399 and 400:
Primary EnergySourcesHydrogenProduc
Page 401 and 402:
Bioenergy power plantsWind farmSmal
Page 403 and 404:
Nuclear energy(fission and fusion)$
Page 405 and 406:
19 andRisk, Toxicology,Human Health
Page 407 and 408:
Number of individuals affectedVerys
Page 409 and 410:
How Can We Estimate the Toxicity of
Page 411 and 412:
dosage. With the threshold dose-res
Page 413 and 414:
HormoneEstrogenlike chemicalAntiand
Page 415 and 416:
19-4 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS:DISEASE IN
Page 417 and 418:
A typical virus consists of a shell
Page 419 and 420:
For example, the West Nile virus ha
Page 421 and 422:
eggs4. Parasite invadesblood cells,
Page 423 and 424:
AgentContagiousSymptomsMortality(if
Page 425 and 426:
Cause of DeathAnnual DeathsPoverty/
Page 427 and 428:
■ How should limited funds be spe
Page 429 and 430:
20 AirPollutionAirPopulationPolluti
Page 431 and 432:
layer of rising and falling air cur
Page 433 and 434:
Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad
Page 435 and 436:
tems, most scientists say that it m
Page 437 and 438:
UltrafineParticlesSea salt nucleiFi
Page 439 and 440:
Warmer airInversion layerIncreasing
Page 441 and 442:
4.75.45.14.75.25.35.35.55.95.54.75.
Page 443 and 444:
when the soil pH falls below 5.1. E
Page 445 and 446:
educe or eliminate emissions of SO
Page 447 and 448:
FurnaceSlabSoilClothesdryerRadon-22
Page 449 and 450:
How Many People Die Prematurely fro
Page 451 and 452:
plant expansions, or sell them to o
Page 453 and 454:
Cleaned gasElectrodesCleaned gasDir
Page 455 and 456:
PreventionCover ceiling tilesand li
Page 457 and 458:
21 andClimate ChangeOzone LossClima
Page 459 and 460:
Average surface temperature (°C)Av
Page 461 and 462:
380410Concentration of carbon dioxi
Page 463 and 464:
Table 21-2 Major Characteristics of
Page 465 and 466:
are dying because the permafrost un
Page 467 and 468:
CellCloudsLandOceanAccording to the
Page 469 and 470:
They suggest that this indicates th
Page 471 and 472:
Agriculture• Shifts in food-growi
Page 473 and 474:
ter temperatures in the Sierra Neva
Page 475 and 476:
PreventionCut fossil fueluse (espec
Page 477 and 478:
taxes on carbon emissions or fuel u
Page 479 and 480:
What Can You Do?Reducing CO 2 Emiss
Page 481 and 482:
Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluo
Page 483 and 484:
ozone in the stratosphere. From a h
Page 485 and 486:
Abundance (parts per trillion)INDIV
Page 487 and 488:
22 WaterPollutionWaterPollutionCont
Page 489 and 490:
Table 22-2 Common Diseases Transmit
Page 491 and 492:
Because point sources are at specif
Page 493 and 494:
veloped countries. Two causes of th
Page 495 and 496:
Nitrogen compoundsproduced by carsa
Page 497 and 498:
ties of acids, pesticides, and othe
Page 499 and 500:
ern India drink groundwater contami
Page 501 and 502:
100 kilometers (62 miles) of the co
Page 503 and 504:
Dumping industrial waste off U.S. c
Page 505 and 506:
The key to protecting oceans is to
Page 507 and 508:
PrimarySecondaryGritBar screen cham
Page 509 and 510:
where bacteria break down remaining
Page 511 and 512:
Officials are working to find ways
Page 513 and 514:
It is a hard truth to swallow, but
Page 515 and 516:
A weed is a plant whose virtues hav
Page 517 and 518:
veloped countries, but use in devel
Page 519 and 520:
U.S. Department of Agricultureresis
Page 521 and 522:
What Goes Around CanCome AroundU.S.
Page 523 and 524:
our bodies, and we should be concer
Page 525 and 526:
U.S. Department of AgricultureAgric
Page 527 and 528:
and opposition from agricultural ch
Page 529 and 530:
Solid wastes are only raw materials
Page 531 and 532:
24-2 PRODUCING LESS WASTEWhat Are O
Page 533 and 534:
PharmaceuticalplantSludgeLocal farm
Page 535 and 536:
matter and energy resources, cuts p
Page 537 and 538:
Reduces globalwarmingReduces acidde
Page 539 and 540:
xHOW WOULD YOU VOTE? Should househo
Page 541 and 542:
Disposalwaste, pollutionUsebleach,d
Page 543 and 544:
What Are the Advantages and Disadva
Page 545 and 546:
What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your
Page 547 and 548:
icals. Scientists are testing the u
Page 549 and 550:
Most hazardous waste in the United
Page 551 and 552:
PreventionPhase out leadedgasoline
Page 553 and 554:
EPA advised women who may become pr
Page 555 and 556:
When they can be found, responsible
Page 557 and 558:
out use of these chemicals and to d
Page 559 and 560:
25 SustainableCitiesBiodiversityEne
Page 561 and 562:
Karachi10.4 million16.2 millionDhak
Page 563 and 564:
Image provided courtesy of theU.S.
Page 565 and 566:
InputsOutputsEnergyFoodWaterRawmate
Page 567 and 568:
Despite joblessness, squalor, overc
Page 569 and 570:
day—and injure another 15 million
Page 571 and 572:
T rade-OffsMass Transit RailT rade-
Page 573 and 574:
area (Figure 25-7) between 1862 and
Page 575 and 576:
MajorhighwaysGreenbeltUrban centerS
Page 577 and 578:
powered motorcycles by 2007, and is
Page 579 and 580:
26 andEconomics, Environment,Sustai
Page 581 and 582:
price matches what buyers are willi
Page 583 and 584:
SunEARTHFigure 26-4 Ecological econ
Page 585 and 586:
CostHighLowOptimum pollutionclean-u
Page 587 and 588:
onment, their flow rates through th
Page 589 and 590:
cluding costs, as much as possible,
Page 591 and 592:
• Decreases depletion and degrada
Page 593 and 594:
Should We Rely More on Tradable Pol
Page 595 and 596:
Figure 26-14 Data on the global dis
Page 597 and 598:
Microloans to the PoorMost of thewo
Page 599 and 600:
Sunset BusinessesCoal miningOil pro
Page 601 and 602:
27 andPolitics, Environment,Sustain
Page 603 and 604:
ness, and environmental leaders and
Page 605 and 606:
Leaders are persons whom other peop
Page 607 and 608:
issue as the key to making governme
Page 609 and 610:
LobbyistsLobbyistsLawmaking bodyPub
Page 611 and 612:
19691970197119721973197419751976197
Page 613 and 614:
noise to certain levels or to elimi
Page 615 and 616:
The spearhead of the global conserv
Page 617 and 618:
Such audits have resulted in numero
Page 619 and 620:
natural capital. According to envir
Page 621 and 622:
Speth and several other national an
Page 623 and 624:
■ Open all discussions and findin
Page 625 and 626:
7. Explain why you agree or disagre
Page 627 and 628:
The main ingredients of an environm
Page 629 and 630:
global economy with minimal governm
Page 631 and 632:
What Is the Environmental WisdomWor
Page 633 and 634:
onmental education. They cite some
Page 635 and 636:
What Are Our Basic Needs?Obviously,
Page 637 and 638:
new relationship with the earth tha
Page 639 and 640:
APPENDIX 1UNITS OF MEASURELENGTHMet
Page 641 and 642:
1930s 1940s 1950s1938 Federal Food,
Page 643 and 644:
1970s1971Biologist BarryCommonerpub
Page 645 and 646:
1991-2000Continuing efforts by anti
Page 647 and 648:
OHcommon covalent compounds, formed
Page 649 and 650:
A PPENDIX 4CLASSIFYING AND NAMING S
Page 651 and 652:
GLOSSARYabiotic Nonliving. Compare
Page 653 and 654:
CFCsSee chlorofluorocarbons.chain r
Page 655 and 656:
timeters (10 inches) a year. Such a
Page 657 and 658:
eutrophication Physical, chemical,
Page 659 and 660:
high-throughput economy The situati
Page 661 and 662:
distribution facilities. Compare hu
Page 663 and 664:
and with atoms of one or more other
Page 665 and 666:
adioactive decay Change of a radioi
Page 667 and 668:
soil permeability Rate at which wat
Page 669:
transmissible disease A disease tha
show all

Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability 1

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?