Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability 1

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1965–69Severe pollution of Lake Eriekills fish and closes beaches.1960s1961 WorldWildlife Fundfounded.1963 300 deathsand thousands ofillnesses in New YorkCity from air pollution.Clean Air Act beginsregulation of airpollution with stricteramendments in 1965,1970, and 1990.1962 Rachel Carson publishes SilentSpring to alert the public aboutharmful effects of pesticides. 750people die in London smog incident.1964 WildernessAct establishesNationalWildernessSystem.1965 Land and WaterConservation Act authorizesfederal funds for local, state,and federal purchase of openspace and parkland.1967 EnvironmentalDefense Fundformed.1968 Biologist Paul Ehrlichpublishes The PopulationBomb. Biologist GarrettHardin publishes Tragedyof the Commons article.UN Biosphere Conference todiscuss global environmentalproblems.1969 Oil-polluted CuyahogaRiver, flowing throughCleveland, Ohio, catchesfire and burns for 8 days.Leaks from offshore oilwell off coast of SantaBarbara, California, killwildlife and pollute beaches.Environmental Policy Actrequires federal agenciesto evaluate environmentalimpact of their actions.Apollo mission photo ofthe earth from space leadsto spaceship-earthenvironmental worldview.1960SFigure 3 Some important environmental events during the 1960s.A4 APPENDIX 2
1970s1971Biologist BarryCommonerpublishesThe ClosingCircle explainingecologicalproblems andcallingfor pollutionprevention.1973OPEC oil embargo.Lead-BasedPaint PoisoningAct regulates useof lead in toys andcooking andeating utensils.Convention onInternational Tradein EndangeredSpecies (CITES)becomesinternational law.1975Energy Policy andConservation Actpromotes energyconservation.1974Chemists Sherwood Roland and MarioMolina suggest CFCs are depleting theozone in stratosphere. Lester Brownfounds the Worldwatch Institute. SafeDrinking Water Act sets standards forcontaminants in public water supply.1972Oregon passes first beverage bottle recycling law. Publicationof Limits to Growth, which challenges idea of unlimitedeconomic growth. David Brower founds Earth Island Institute.Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act regulatesregistration of pesticides based on tests and degree of risk.Ocean Dumping Act; Marine Protection, Research, andSanctuaries Act; and Coastal Zone Management Act helpregulate and protect oceans and coastal areas. MarineMammal Protection Act encourages protection andconservation of marine mammals. Consumer Product SafetyAct helps consumers from hazardous products. UN conferenceon the Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden.1977Clean Water Act strengthensregulation of drinking waterquality, with additionalamendments in 1981 and 1987.Surface Mining Control andReclamation Act regulatessurface mining andencourages reclamation ofmined land. Amory B. Lovinspublishes The Soft Energy Pathcalling for switching from fossilfuels and nuclear power tosolar energy. U.S. Departmentof Energy created.1978Love Canal, New York,housing developmentevacuated because oftoxic wastes leaking fromold dumpsite. FederalLand Policy andManagement Actstrengthens regulation ofpublic lands by the Bureauof Land Management.1979Accident atThree Mile Islandnuclear powerplant inPennsylvania.Oil shortagebecause ofrevolution in Iran.1970First Earth Day. EPA established byPresident Richard Nixon. OccupationalHealth and Safety Act promotes safeworking conditions. Resources RecoveryAct regulates waste disposal andencourages recycling and waste reduction.National Environmental Policy Act passed.Clean Air Act passed. Natural ResourcesDefense Council created.1976National Forest Management Act establishes guidelines for managingnational forests.Toxic Control Substances Act regulates many toxicsubstances not regulated under other laws. Resource Conservationand Recovery Act requires tracking of hazardous waste and encouragesrecycling, resource recovery, and waste reduction. Noise Control Actregulates harmful noise levels. UN Conference on Human Settlements.1970SFigure 4 Some important environmental events during the 1970s, sometimes called the environmental decade.APPENDIX 2A5
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1Environmental Problems, TheirCause
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AirSOLAR ENERGYRESOURCESWaterEnergy
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changes that lead to an increasingl
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take the resources of 1.15 planet e
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Causes of Environmental Problems•
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Developing Countriesxx=Population (
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■ We should encourage earth-susta
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2. Write two-page scenarios describ
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A continent ages quickly once we co
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Good NewsMore foodSupported alarger
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Figure 2-8 Theodore (“Teddy”)Ro
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What Happened during the 1970s? The
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on which they and their ancestors h
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Science is an adventure of the huma
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CTIONSWhat Is Harmingthe Robins?Sup
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After building and testing a mathem
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I am going to give you a brief intr
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Figure 3-6 The pH scale, used to me
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The different molecules of DNA that
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Energy emitted from sun (kcal/cm 2
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aluminum foil. When solid water (ic
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nn23592 UUranium-235nucleus9236Kr14
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SolarenergyChemicalenergy(photosynt
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number of resource users. In other
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The earth’s thin film of living m
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(a) Eukaryotic CellNucleus(informat
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AtmosphereVegetationBiosphereand an
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Coastal chaparraland scrubConiferou
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NoorganismsLower limitof toleranceF
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Detritus feedersDecomposersLong-hor
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First TrophicLevelSecond TrophicLev
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Figure 4-20 Generalized pyramid of
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Terrestrial EcosystemsSwamps and ma
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every handful of topsoil break down
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suited for plant growth. It has a t
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Figure 4-29 Naturalcapital: simplif
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wildlife habitats, alter temperatur
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miningFertilizerexcretionuptake bya
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How Are Human Activities Affecting
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For example, people visit degraded
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There is grandeur to this view of l
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According to the theory of evolutio
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Black skimmerseizes small fishat wa
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5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION,AND BIOD
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Scientists have also identified per
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Identify and extractgene with desir
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infrared radiation, as a rattlesnak
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To do science is to search for repe
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figure. Scientists hypothesize that
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ArcticCircleTropic ofCancerNorth Pa
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Winds can also affect regionalclima
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FPO(a) Rays of sunlight penetrateth
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ColdPolarTundraSubpolarDecreasing t
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Figure 6-20 Natural capital:some co
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Beisa oryxCape buffaloWildebeestTop
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Figure 6-25 Natural capitaldegradat
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Natural Capital DegradationGrasslan
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4540HarpyeagleEmergentlayer35Tocoto
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with sunlight available only 6-8 ho
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Natural Capital DegradationWhen we
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If there is magic on this planet, i
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there. Photosynthesis cannot take p
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Figure 7-7 View of an estuary taken
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Rocky Shore BeachSea starHermit cra
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Figure 7-12 Natural capital:some co
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EcologicalServicesClimatemoderation
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In warm months the bottom layer of
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According to scientists, we urgentl
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Animal and vegetable life is too co
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HighHighHighRate of immigrationor e
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mostly on land and eat insects that
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According to this hypothesis, musse
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Many people—influenced by movies
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strychnine, peyote, nicotine, and r
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It is tempting to think of mutualis
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How Do Species Replace One Another
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By contrast, grasslands are much le
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9Population EcologyPopulationContro
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The size of a population that inclu
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Number of reindeer2,0001,5001,00050
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Reproductive individuals in populat
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Percentage surviving (log scale)100
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A third type of alteration is using
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In the next chapter we will apply t
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The problems to be faced are vast a
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ates affect a country’s populatio
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United States Mexico CanadaPopulati
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and a high incidence of infectious
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Age100+95-9990-9485-8980-8475-7970-
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Age Distribution (%)403530252015105
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80Stage 1PreindustrialStage 2Transi
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also make up 70% of the world’s p
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Such experience also suggests that
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Forests precede civilizations, dese
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The Species ApproachGoalProtect spe
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parkways, trails, rivers, seashores
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Weak treesremovedFigure 11-8 Short
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AdvantagesHigher timberyieldsMaximu
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trees no faster than they are reple
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Sudden oak death White pine blister
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vere forest fires for two reasons.
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and degradation practices, Brazil
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SolutionsSustaining Tropical Forest
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• Integrate plans for managing pa
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Should Reserves Be as Large as Poss
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Figure 11-24 Endangered natural cap
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ity of ecosystems well enough to re
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original state? How much of it shou
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The last word in ignorance is the p
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Florida manatee Northern spotted ow
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each of these three species estimat
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BiophiliaBiologist EdwardO. Wilson
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Island species, many of them endemi
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Deliberately Introduced SpeciesPurp
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The Termite from HellForget killer
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© Karl Ammann. Biosynergy Institut
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tional Trade in Endangered Species
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Most people would say yes. The prob
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the act allows for economic concern
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ity, with the aim of reintroducing
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The Department of Defense controls
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13 SustainingAquatic BiodiversityBi
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CobiaHogfishKelpCarrageenPacific sa
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peated scraping. Slow-growing, long
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control approach and to be sure the
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(CITES), the 1979 Global Treaty on
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Beetle car, and some of its arterie
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What Role Can ReconciliationEcology
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eries. When it works, community-bas
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GULF OFMEXICOAgricultural areaTreat
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water withdrawal for irrigation. An
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SolutionsRebuilding Salmon Populati
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14 Foodand Soil ResourcesSoilBiodiv
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Industrialized agricultureShifting
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First green revolution(developed co
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Low-Tech Sustainable Agriculture in
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According to the U.S. Department of
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OvergrazingDeforestationErosionCaus
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(a) Terracing(b) Contour planting a
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2,000400Grain production(millions o
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People who are underfed and underwe
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14-6 INCREASING CROPPRODUCTIONWhat
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sistence farmers in developing coun
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capita meat production more than do
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A more expensive and less widely us
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Spotter airplaneFish farmingin cage
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estuaries. Then the fish are releas
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Currently, organic farming is used
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15 WaterResourcesWaterCASE STUDYWat
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physically connects us to one anoth
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Groundwater normally moves from poi
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and wildlife could trigger “water
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city’s water systems have been ta
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for the dams and reservoirs and has
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has devastated the area’s fishing
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Aquifers provide drinking water for
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WYOMINGCOLORADONEW MEXICOSOUTH DAKO
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Mohamed El-Ashry of the World Resou
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water waste by about 84% while irri
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15-8 TOO MUCH WATERWhat Causes Floo
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gradually. Another way to reduce fl
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16 MineralGeology and NonrenewableR
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AbyssalhillsAbyssalfloorOceanicridg
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usually rides up over the denser oc
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cant (less than 4.0 on the Richter
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ported from their sources by water,
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How Are Buried Mineral DepositsRemo
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16-6 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTSOF USING
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Separationof ore fromgangueMetal or
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Some analysts contend that all we n
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Can We Find Substitutes for ScarceN
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Typical citizens of advanced indust
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Figure 17-5 shows energy consumptio
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Currently, oil has a high net energ
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ArcticOceanCoalPrince WilliamSoundG
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Oil (million barrels per day)120100
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Coal-firedelectricitySynthetic oil
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Burning natural gas emits CO 2 but
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Trade-OffsCoalxHOW WOULD YOU VOTE?
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Small amounts ofradioactive gasesUr
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After more than 50 years of develop
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CoalAmple supplyHigh net energyyiel
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corrode and release their radioacti
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out the entire rail or truck trip i
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manently in 1998. Because of this e
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18 andEnergy EfficiencyRenewable En
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Energy Inputs System Outputs86%8%3%
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source. These systems have an energ
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ABCombustion engine:Small, efficien
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Atlanta’s 13-story Georgia Power
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Net Energy EfficiencySuperinsulated
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Why Are We Still Wasting So Much En
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How Can We Cool Houses Naturally? I
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AdvantagesFairly high netenergyWork
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The DOE calls the Great Plains stat
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AdvantagesLarge potentialsupply in
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surface. Researchers in several cou
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Primary EnergySourcesHydrogenProduc
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Bioenergy power plantsWind farmSmal
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Nuclear energy(fission and fusion)$
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19 andRisk, Toxicology,Human Health
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Number of individuals affectedVerys
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How Can We Estimate the Toxicity of
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dosage. With the threshold dose-res
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HormoneEstrogenlike chemicalAntiand
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19-4 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS:DISEASE IN
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A typical virus consists of a shell
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For example, the West Nile virus ha
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eggs4. Parasite invadesblood cells,
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AgentContagiousSymptomsMortality(if
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Cause of DeathAnnual DeathsPoverty/
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■ How should limited funds be spe
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20 AirPollutionAirPopulationPolluti
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layer of rising and falling air cur
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Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad
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tems, most scientists say that it m
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UltrafineParticlesSea salt nucleiFi
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Warmer airInversion layerIncreasing
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4.75.45.14.75.25.35.35.55.95.54.75.
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when the soil pH falls below 5.1. E
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educe or eliminate emissions of SO
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FurnaceSlabSoilClothesdryerRadon-22
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How Many People Die Prematurely fro
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plant expansions, or sell them to o
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Cleaned gasElectrodesCleaned gasDir
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PreventionCover ceiling tilesand li
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21 andClimate ChangeOzone LossClima
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Average surface temperature (°C)Av
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380410Concentration of carbon dioxi
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Table 21-2 Major Characteristics of
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are dying because the permafrost un
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CellCloudsLandOceanAccording to the
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They suggest that this indicates th
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Agriculture• Shifts in food-growi
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ter temperatures in the Sierra Neva
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PreventionCut fossil fueluse (espec
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taxes on carbon emissions or fuel u
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What Can You Do?Reducing CO 2 Emiss
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Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluo
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ozone in the stratosphere. From a h
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Abundance (parts per trillion)INDIV
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22 WaterPollutionWaterPollutionCont
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Table 22-2 Common Diseases Transmit
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Because point sources are at specif
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veloped countries. Two causes of th
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Nitrogen compoundsproduced by carsa
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ties of acids, pesticides, and othe
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ern India drink groundwater contami
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100 kilometers (62 miles) of the co
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Dumping industrial waste off U.S. c
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The key to protecting oceans is to
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PrimarySecondaryGritBar screen cham
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where bacteria break down remaining
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Officials are working to find ways
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It is a hard truth to swallow, but
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A weed is a plant whose virtues hav
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veloped countries, but use in devel
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U.S. Department of Agricultureresis
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What Goes Around CanCome AroundU.S.
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our bodies, and we should be concer
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U.S. Department of AgricultureAgric
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and opposition from agricultural ch
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Solid wastes are only raw materials
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24-2 PRODUCING LESS WASTEWhat Are O
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PharmaceuticalplantSludgeLocal farm
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matter and energy resources, cuts p
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Reduces globalwarmingReduces acidde
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xHOW WOULD YOU VOTE? Should househo
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Disposalwaste, pollutionUsebleach,d
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What Are the Advantages and Disadva
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What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your
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icals. Scientists are testing the u
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Most hazardous waste in the United
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PreventionPhase out leadedgasoline
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EPA advised women who may become pr
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When they can be found, responsible
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out use of these chemicals and to d
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25 SustainableCitiesBiodiversityEne
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Karachi10.4 million16.2 millionDhak
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Image provided courtesy of theU.S.
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InputsOutputsEnergyFoodWaterRawmate
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Despite joblessness, squalor, overc
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day—and injure another 15 million
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T rade-OffsMass Transit RailT rade-
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area (Figure 25-7) between 1862 and
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MajorhighwaysGreenbeltUrban centerS
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powered motorcycles by 2007, and is
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26 andEconomics, Environment,Sustai
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price matches what buyers are willi
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SunEARTHFigure 26-4 Ecological econ
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CostHighLowOptimum pollutionclean-u
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onment, their flow rates through th
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cluding costs, as much as possible,
Page 591 and 592: • Decreases depletion and degrada
Page 593 and 594: Should We Rely More on Tradable Pol
Page 595 and 596: Figure 26-14 Data on the global dis
Page 597 and 598: Microloans to the PoorMost of thewo
Page 599 and 600: Sunset BusinessesCoal miningOil pro
Page 601 and 602: 27 andPolitics, Environment,Sustain
Page 603 and 604: ness, and environmental leaders and
Page 605 and 606: Leaders are persons whom other peop
Page 607 and 608: issue as the key to making governme
Page 609 and 610: LobbyistsLobbyistsLawmaking bodyPub
Page 611 and 612: 19691970197119721973197419751976197
Page 613 and 614: noise to certain levels or to elimi
Page 615 and 616: The spearhead of the global conserv
Page 617 and 618: Such audits have resulted in numero
Page 619 and 620: natural capital. According to envir
Page 621 and 622: Speth and several other national an
Page 623 and 624: ■ Open all discussions and findin
Page 625 and 626: 7. Explain why you agree or disagre
Page 627 and 628: The main ingredients of an environm
Page 629 and 630: global economy with minimal governm
Page 631 and 632: What Is the Environmental WisdomWor
Page 633 and 634: onmental education. They cite some
Page 635 and 636: What Are Our Basic Needs?Obviously,
Page 637 and 638: new relationship with the earth tha
Page 639 and 640: APPENDIX 1UNITS OF MEASURELENGTHMet
Page 641: 1930s 1940s 1950s1938 Federal Food,
Page 645 and 646: 1991-2000Continuing efforts by anti
Page 647 and 648: OHcommon covalent compounds, formed
Page 649 and 650: A PPENDIX 4CLASSIFYING AND NAMING S
Page 651 and 652: GLOSSARYabiotic Nonliving. Compare
Page 653 and 654: CFCsSee chlorofluorocarbons.chain r
Page 655 and 656: timeters (10 inches) a year. Such a
Page 657 and 658: eutrophication Physical, chemical,
Page 659 and 660: high-throughput economy The situati
Page 661 and 662: distribution facilities. Compare hu
Page 663 and 664: and with atoms of one or more other
Page 665 and 666: adioactive decay Change of a radioi
Page 667 and 668: soil permeability Rate at which wat
Page 669: transmissible disease A disease tha
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Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability 1

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