Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability 1

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Identify and extractgene with desired traitPhase 1Make Modified GenecellgeneTransfer plasmidcopies to a carrieragrobacteriumPhase 2Make Transgenic CellIdentify and removeportion of DNAwith desired traitRemove plasmidfrom DNA of E. coliDNAplasmidE. coliAgrobacteriuminserts foreignDNA into plantcell to yieldtransgenic cellA. tumefaciens(agrobacterium)Plant cellNucleusHost DNAInsert extracted DNA(step 2) into plasmid(step 3)DNAGeneticallymodifiedplasmidplasmidTransfer plasmidto surfacemicroscopic metalparticleForeign DNAInsert modifiedplasmid into E. coliGrow in tissueculture tomake copiesUse gene gunto inject DNAinto plant cellsomeday be able to clone humans—a possibility thatexcites some people and horrifies others.Bioengineers have developed chickens that laylow-cholesterol eggs, tomatoes with genes that canhelp prevent some types of cancer, and bananas andpotatoes that contain oral vaccines to treat various viraldiseases in developing countries where needlesand refrigeration are not available.Researchers envision using genetically engineeredanimals to act as biofactories for producing drugs,vaccines, antibodies, hormones, industrial chemicalssuch as plastics and detergents, and human body organs.This new field is called biopharming. For example,cows may be able to produce insulin for treatingdiabetes, perhaps more cheaply than making the insulinin laboratories. Have you considered this field asa career choice?Phase 3Grow Genetically Engineered PlantTransgenic cellfrom Phase 2Cell division oftransgenic cellsCulture cellsto form plantletsTransfer to soilWhat Are Some Concerns about the GeneticRevolution? Genetic Wonderland orGenetic Wasteland?Genetic engineering has great promise butit is an unpredictable process and raises a numberof privacy, ethical, legal, and environmentalissues.Transgenic plantswith new traitsFigure 5-11 Genetic engineering. Steps in geneticallymodifying a plant.98 CHAPTER 5 Evolution and Biodiversity
The hype about genetic engineering can lead us to believethat its results are controllable and predictable. Inreality, most current forms of genetic engineering aremessy and unpredictable. Genetic engineers can inserta gene into the nucleus of a cell but with current technologythey do know whether the cell will incorporatethe new gene into its DNA. They also do not knowwhere the new gene will be located in the DNA molecule’sstructure and what effects this will have on theorganism.Thus, genetic engineering is a trial and error processwith many failures and unexpected results. Indeed,the average success rate of current genetic engineeringexperiments is only about 1%.Some people have genes that make them morelikely to develop certain genetic diseases or disorders.We now have the power to detect these genetic deficiencies,even before birth. This raises some importantissues. If gene therapy is developed for correctingthese deficiencies, who will get it? Will it be mostly forthe rich? Will this mean more abortions of geneticallydefective fetuses? Will health insurers refuse to insurepeople with certain genetic defects that could lead tohealth problems? Will employers refuse to hire them?xHOW WOULD YOU VOTE? Should genetic screeningbe required as part of an application for a job, healthinsurance, or life insurance? Cast your vote online athttp://biology.brookscole.com/miller14.Some people dream of a day when our geneticprowess could eliminate death and aging altogether.As one’s cells, organs, or other parts wear out or aredamaged, they would be replaced with new ones.These replacement parts might be grown in genetic engineeringlaboratories or biopharms. Or people mightchoose to have a clone available for spare parts. Severalcountries have banned human cloning, but the researchis taking place anyway and human clones mayappear in the not too distant future.This raises a number of questions: Is it moral to dothis? Who decides? Who regulates it? Will geneticallydesigned humans and clones have the same legalrights as other people?xHOW WOULD YOU VOTE? Should we legalize the productionof human clones if a reasonably safe technology fordoing so becomes available? Cast your vote online athttp://biology.brookscole.com/miller14.What might be the environmental impacts of suchgenetic developments on resource use, pollution, andenvironmental degradation? If everyone could livewith good health as long as they wanted for a price,sellers of body makeovers would encourage customersto line up. Each of these wealthy, long-lived peoplecould have an enormous ecological footprint for perhapscenturies.What Are Our Options? Time to MakeDecisionsThere are arguments over how much we shouldregulate genetic engineering research anddevelopment.In the 1990s, a backlash developed against the increasinguse of genetically modified food plants and animals.Some protesters are strongly against this newtechnology for a variety of reasons. Others advocateslowing down and taking a closer look at the shortandlong-term advantages and disadvantages of thisand other rapidly emerging genetic technologies.Or at the very least, they say, we should requirethat all genetically modified crops and animal productsand foods containing such components be clearlylabeled as such. This would give consumers a more informedchoice, as do the food labels that now requirelisting ingredients and nutritional information. Makersof genetically modified products strongly opposesuch labeling (as food manufacturers opposed theother types of food labeling now in use) because theyfear it would hurt sales.Supporters of genetic engineering wonder whythere is so much concern. After all, we have been geneticallymodifying plants and animals for centuries.Now we have a faster, better, and perhaps cheaperway to do it, so why not use it?But proponents of more careful control of geneticengineering point out that most new technologies havehad unintended harmful consequences (Figure 3-4,p. 38). The ecological lesson is that whenever we intervenein nature we must pause and ask, “What happensnext?” This is why many analysts are cautious aboutrushing into genetic engineering and other forms ofbiotechnology without more careful evaluation of possibleunintended consequences.xHOW WOULD YOU VOTE? Should there be stricter governmentcontrol over the development and use of genetic engineeringtechnology? Cast your vote online at http://biology.brookscole.com/miller14.How Did We Become Such a PowerfulSpecies So Quickly? Brain and ThumbPowerWe have thrived as a species mostly because of ourcomplex brains and strong opposable thumbs.Like other species, we have survived and thrived so farbecause we have certain adaptive traits. What are they?First, look at the traits we do not have. We lack exceptionalstrength, speed, and agility. We do not haveweapons such as claws or fangs, and we lack a protectiveshell or body armor.Our senses are unremarkable. We see only visiblelight—a tiny fraction of the spectrum of electromagneticradiation that bathes the earth. We cannot seehttp://biology.brookscole.com/miller1499
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1Environmental Problems, TheirCause
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AirSOLAR ENERGYRESOURCESWaterEnergy
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changes that lead to an increasingl
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take the resources of 1.15 planet e
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Causes of Environmental Problems•
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Developing Countriesxx=Population (
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■ We should encourage earth-susta
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2. Write two-page scenarios describ
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A continent ages quickly once we co
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Good NewsMore foodSupported alarger
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Figure 2-8 Theodore (“Teddy”)Ro
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What Happened during the 1970s? The
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on which they and their ancestors h
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Science is an adventure of the huma
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CTIONSWhat Is Harmingthe Robins?Sup
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After building and testing a mathem
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I am going to give you a brief intr
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Figure 3-6 The pH scale, used to me
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The different molecules of DNA that
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Energy emitted from sun (kcal/cm 2
Page 43: aluminum foil. When solid water (ic
Page 46 and 47: nn23592 UUranium-235nucleus9236Kr14
Page 48 and 49: SolarenergyChemicalenergy(photosynt
Page 50 and 51: number of resource users. In other
Page 52 and 53: The earth’s thin film of living m
Page 54 and 55: (a) Eukaryotic CellNucleus(informat
Page 56 and 57: AtmosphereVegetationBiosphereand an
Page 58 and 59: Coastal chaparraland scrubConiferou
Page 60 and 61: NoorganismsLower limitof toleranceF
Page 62 and 63: Detritus feedersDecomposersLong-hor
Page 64 and 65: First TrophicLevelSecond TrophicLev
Page 66 and 67: Figure 4-20 Generalized pyramid of
Page 68 and 69: Terrestrial EcosystemsSwamps and ma
Page 70 and 71: every handful of topsoil break down
Page 72 and 73: suited for plant growth. It has a t
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4-29 Naturalcapital: simplif
Page 76 and 77: wildlife habitats, alter temperatur
Page 78 and 79: miningFertilizerexcretionuptake bya
Page 80 and 81: How Are Human Activities Affecting
Page 82 and 83: For example, people visit degraded
Page 84 and 85: There is grandeur to this view of l
Page 86 and 87: According to the theory of evolutio
Page 88 and 89: Black skimmerseizes small fishat wa
Page 90 and 91: 5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION,AND BIOD
Page 92 and 93: Scientists have also identified per
Page 96 and 97: infrared radiation, as a rattlesnak
Page 98 and 99: To do science is to search for repe
Page 100 and 101: figure. Scientists hypothesize that
Page 102 and 103: ArcticCircleTropic ofCancerNorth Pa
Page 104 and 105: Winds can also affect regionalclima
Page 106 and 107: FPO(a) Rays of sunlight penetrateth
Page 108 and 109: ColdPolarTundraSubpolarDecreasing t
Page 110 and 111: Figure 6-20 Natural capital:some co
Page 112 and 113: Beisa oryxCape buffaloWildebeestTop
Page 114 and 115: Figure 6-25 Natural capitaldegradat
Page 116 and 117: Natural Capital DegradationGrasslan
Page 118 and 119: 4540HarpyeagleEmergentlayer35Tocoto
Page 120 and 121: with sunlight available only 6-8 ho
Page 122 and 123: Natural Capital DegradationWhen we
Page 124 and 125: If there is magic on this planet, i
Page 126 and 127: there. Photosynthesis cannot take p
Page 128 and 129: Figure 7-7 View of an estuary taken
Page 130 and 131: Rocky Shore BeachSea starHermit cra
Page 132 and 133: Figure 7-12 Natural capital:some co
Page 134 and 135: EcologicalServicesClimatemoderation
Page 136 and 137: In warm months the bottom layer of
Page 138 and 139: According to scientists, we urgentl
Page 140 and 141: Animal and vegetable life is too co
Page 142 and 143: HighHighHighRate of immigrationor e
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mostly on land and eat insects that
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According to this hypothesis, musse
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Many people—influenced by movies
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strychnine, peyote, nicotine, and r
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It is tempting to think of mutualis
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How Do Species Replace One Another
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By contrast, grasslands are much le
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9Population EcologyPopulationContro
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The size of a population that inclu
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Number of reindeer2,0001,5001,00050
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Reproductive individuals in populat
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Percentage surviving (log scale)100
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A third type of alteration is using
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In the next chapter we will apply t
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The problems to be faced are vast a
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ates affect a country’s populatio
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United States Mexico CanadaPopulati
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and a high incidence of infectious
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Age100+95-9990-9485-8980-8475-7970-
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Age Distribution (%)403530252015105
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80Stage 1PreindustrialStage 2Transi
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also make up 70% of the world’s p
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Such experience also suggests that
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Forests precede civilizations, dese
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The Species ApproachGoalProtect spe
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parkways, trails, rivers, seashores
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Weak treesremovedFigure 11-8 Short
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AdvantagesHigher timberyieldsMaximu
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trees no faster than they are reple
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Sudden oak death White pine blister
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vere forest fires for two reasons.
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and degradation practices, Brazil
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SolutionsSustaining Tropical Forest
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• Integrate plans for managing pa
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Should Reserves Be as Large as Poss
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Figure 11-24 Endangered natural cap
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ity of ecosystems well enough to re
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original state? How much of it shou
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The last word in ignorance is the p
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Florida manatee Northern spotted ow
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each of these three species estimat
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BiophiliaBiologist EdwardO. Wilson
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Island species, many of them endemi
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Deliberately Introduced SpeciesPurp
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The Termite from HellForget killer
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© Karl Ammann. Biosynergy Institut
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tional Trade in Endangered Species
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Most people would say yes. The prob
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the act allows for economic concern
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ity, with the aim of reintroducing
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The Department of Defense controls
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13 SustainingAquatic BiodiversityBi
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CobiaHogfishKelpCarrageenPacific sa
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peated scraping. Slow-growing, long
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control approach and to be sure the
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(CITES), the 1979 Global Treaty on
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Beetle car, and some of its arterie
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What Role Can ReconciliationEcology
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eries. When it works, community-bas
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GULF OFMEXICOAgricultural areaTreat
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water withdrawal for irrigation. An
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SolutionsRebuilding Salmon Populati
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14 Foodand Soil ResourcesSoilBiodiv
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Industrialized agricultureShifting
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First green revolution(developed co
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Low-Tech Sustainable Agriculture in
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According to the U.S. Department of
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OvergrazingDeforestationErosionCaus
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(a) Terracing(b) Contour planting a
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2,000400Grain production(millions o
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People who are underfed and underwe
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14-6 INCREASING CROPPRODUCTIONWhat
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sistence farmers in developing coun
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capita meat production more than do
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A more expensive and less widely us
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Spotter airplaneFish farmingin cage
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estuaries. Then the fish are releas
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Currently, organic farming is used
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15 WaterResourcesWaterCASE STUDYWat
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physically connects us to one anoth
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Groundwater normally moves from poi
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and wildlife could trigger “water
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city’s water systems have been ta
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for the dams and reservoirs and has
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has devastated the area’s fishing
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Aquifers provide drinking water for
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WYOMINGCOLORADONEW MEXICOSOUTH DAKO
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Mohamed El-Ashry of the World Resou
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water waste by about 84% while irri
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15-8 TOO MUCH WATERWhat Causes Floo
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gradually. Another way to reduce fl
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16 MineralGeology and NonrenewableR
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AbyssalhillsAbyssalfloorOceanicridg
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usually rides up over the denser oc
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cant (less than 4.0 on the Richter
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ported from their sources by water,
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How Are Buried Mineral DepositsRemo
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16-6 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTSOF USING
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Separationof ore fromgangueMetal or
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Some analysts contend that all we n
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Can We Find Substitutes for ScarceN
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Typical citizens of advanced indust
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Figure 17-5 shows energy consumptio
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Currently, oil has a high net energ
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ArcticOceanCoalPrince WilliamSoundG
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Oil (million barrels per day)120100
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Coal-firedelectricitySynthetic oil
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Burning natural gas emits CO 2 but
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Trade-OffsCoalxHOW WOULD YOU VOTE?
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Small amounts ofradioactive gasesUr
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After more than 50 years of develop
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CoalAmple supplyHigh net energyyiel
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corrode and release their radioacti
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out the entire rail or truck trip i
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manently in 1998. Because of this e
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18 andEnergy EfficiencyRenewable En
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Energy Inputs System Outputs86%8%3%
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source. These systems have an energ
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ABCombustion engine:Small, efficien
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Atlanta’s 13-story Georgia Power
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Net Energy EfficiencySuperinsulated
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Why Are We Still Wasting So Much En
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How Can We Cool Houses Naturally? I
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AdvantagesFairly high netenergyWork
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The DOE calls the Great Plains stat
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AdvantagesLarge potentialsupply in
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surface. Researchers in several cou
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Primary EnergySourcesHydrogenProduc
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Bioenergy power plantsWind farmSmal
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Nuclear energy(fission and fusion)$
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19 andRisk, Toxicology,Human Health
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Number of individuals affectedVerys
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How Can We Estimate the Toxicity of
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dosage. With the threshold dose-res
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HormoneEstrogenlike chemicalAntiand
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19-4 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS:DISEASE IN
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A typical virus consists of a shell
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For example, the West Nile virus ha
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eggs4. Parasite invadesblood cells,
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AgentContagiousSymptomsMortality(if
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Cause of DeathAnnual DeathsPoverty/
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■ How should limited funds be spe
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20 AirPollutionAirPopulationPolluti
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layer of rising and falling air cur
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Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad
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tems, most scientists say that it m
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UltrafineParticlesSea salt nucleiFi
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Warmer airInversion layerIncreasing
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4.75.45.14.75.25.35.35.55.95.54.75.
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when the soil pH falls below 5.1. E
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educe or eliminate emissions of SO
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FurnaceSlabSoilClothesdryerRadon-22
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How Many People Die Prematurely fro
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plant expansions, or sell them to o
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Cleaned gasElectrodesCleaned gasDir
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PreventionCover ceiling tilesand li
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21 andClimate ChangeOzone LossClima
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Average surface temperature (°C)Av
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380410Concentration of carbon dioxi
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Table 21-2 Major Characteristics of
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are dying because the permafrost un
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CellCloudsLandOceanAccording to the
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They suggest that this indicates th
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Agriculture• Shifts in food-growi
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ter temperatures in the Sierra Neva
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PreventionCut fossil fueluse (espec
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taxes on carbon emissions or fuel u
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What Can You Do?Reducing CO 2 Emiss
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Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluo
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ozone in the stratosphere. From a h
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Abundance (parts per trillion)INDIV
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22 WaterPollutionWaterPollutionCont
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Table 22-2 Common Diseases Transmit
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Because point sources are at specif
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veloped countries. Two causes of th
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Nitrogen compoundsproduced by carsa
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ties of acids, pesticides, and othe
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ern India drink groundwater contami
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100 kilometers (62 miles) of the co
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Dumping industrial waste off U.S. c
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The key to protecting oceans is to
Page 507 and 508:
PrimarySecondaryGritBar screen cham
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where bacteria break down remaining
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Officials are working to find ways
Page 513 and 514:
It is a hard truth to swallow, but
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A weed is a plant whose virtues hav
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veloped countries, but use in devel
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U.S. Department of Agricultureresis
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What Goes Around CanCome AroundU.S.
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our bodies, and we should be concer
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U.S. Department of AgricultureAgric
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and opposition from agricultural ch
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Solid wastes are only raw materials
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24-2 PRODUCING LESS WASTEWhat Are O
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PharmaceuticalplantSludgeLocal farm
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matter and energy resources, cuts p
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Reduces globalwarmingReduces acidde
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xHOW WOULD YOU VOTE? Should househo
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Disposalwaste, pollutionUsebleach,d
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What Are the Advantages and Disadva
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What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your
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icals. Scientists are testing the u
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Most hazardous waste in the United
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PreventionPhase out leadedgasoline
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EPA advised women who may become pr
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When they can be found, responsible
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out use of these chemicals and to d
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25 SustainableCitiesBiodiversityEne
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Karachi10.4 million16.2 millionDhak
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Image provided courtesy of theU.S.
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InputsOutputsEnergyFoodWaterRawmate
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Despite joblessness, squalor, overc
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day—and injure another 15 million
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T rade-OffsMass Transit RailT rade-
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area (Figure 25-7) between 1862 and
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MajorhighwaysGreenbeltUrban centerS
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powered motorcycles by 2007, and is
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26 andEconomics, Environment,Sustai
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price matches what buyers are willi
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SunEARTHFigure 26-4 Ecological econ
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CostHighLowOptimum pollutionclean-u
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onment, their flow rates through th
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cluding costs, as much as possible,
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• Decreases depletion and degrada
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Should We Rely More on Tradable Pol
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Figure 26-14 Data on the global dis
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Microloans to the PoorMost of thewo
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Sunset BusinessesCoal miningOil pro
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27 andPolitics, Environment,Sustain
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ness, and environmental leaders and
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Leaders are persons whom other peop
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issue as the key to making governme
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LobbyistsLobbyistsLawmaking bodyPub
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19691970197119721973197419751976197
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noise to certain levels or to elimi
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The spearhead of the global conserv
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Such audits have resulted in numero
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natural capital. According to envir
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Speth and several other national an
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■ Open all discussions and findin
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7. Explain why you agree or disagre
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The main ingredients of an environm
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global economy with minimal governm
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What Is the Environmental WisdomWor
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onmental education. They cite some
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What Are Our Basic Needs?Obviously,
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new relationship with the earth tha
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APPENDIX 1UNITS OF MEASURELENGTHMet
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1930s 1940s 1950s1938 Federal Food,
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1970s1971Biologist BarryCommonerpub
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1991-2000Continuing efforts by anti
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OHcommon covalent compounds, formed
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A PPENDIX 4CLASSIFYING AND NAMING S
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GLOSSARYabiotic Nonliving. Compare
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CFCsSee chlorofluorocarbons.chain r
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timeters (10 inches) a year. Such a
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eutrophication Physical, chemical,
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high-throughput economy The situati
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distribution facilities. Compare hu
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and with atoms of one or more other
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adioactive decay Change of a radioi
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soil permeability Rate at which wat
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transmissible disease A disease tha
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