Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability 1

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20-4 REGIONAL OUTDOORAIR POLLUTION FROM ACIDDEPOSITIONWhat Is Acid Deposition, and Where Does ItOccur? Acids Falling on Your HeadSulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulatescan react in the atmosphere to produce acidicchemicals that can travel long distances beforereturning to the earth’s surface.Most coal-burning power plants, ore smelters, andother industrial plants in developed countries use tallsmokestacks to emit sulfur dioxide, suspended particles,and nitrogen oxides high into the tropospherewhere wind can mix, dilute, and disperse them.These tall smokestacks reduce local air pollution,but they can increase regional air pollution downwind.This occurs because the primary pollutants, sulfurdioxide and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphereabove the inversion layer are transported asmuch as 1,000 kilometers (600 miles) by prevailingwinds. During their trip, they form secondary pollutantssuch as nitric acid vapor, droplets of sulfuric acid,and particles of acid-forming sulfate and nitrate salts.These acidic substances remain in the atmospherefor 2–14 days, depending mostly on prevailing winds,precipitation, and other weather patterns. During thisperiod they descend to the earth’s surface in two forms.One is wet deposition as acidic rain, snow, fog, and cloudvapor with a pH less than 5.6 (Figure 3-6, p. 41). Theother is dry deposition as acidic particles. The resultingmixture is called acid deposition (Figure 20-8), sometimestermed acid rain. Most dry deposition occurswithin about 2–3 days fairly near the emission sources,whereas most wet deposition takes place within 4–14days in more distant downwind areas.Acid deposition is a regional air pollution problemin most parts of the world that are downwindfrom coal-burning facilities and from urban areas withlarge numbers of cars. Such areas include the easternUnited States (Figure 20-9) and other parts of theworld (Figure 20-10, p. 446). Look at the maps to see ifyou live in a major acid deposition area.In the United States, coal-burning power and industrialplants in the Ohio Valley emit the largestquantities of sulfur dioxide and other pollutants thatcan cause acid deposition. Mostly as a result of theseemissions along with those by other industries andmotor vehicles in urban areas, typical precipitation inthe eastern United States has a pH of 4.4–4.8 (Figure20-9). This is about 10 or more times the acidity ofnatural precipitation, which has a pH of 5.6. Somemountaintop forests in the eastern United States andeast of Los Angeles, California, are bathed in fog anddews as acidic as lemon juice, with a pH of 2.3—about1,000 times the acidity of normal precipitation.In some areas, soils contain basic compounds suchas calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 )orlimestone that can reactwith and neutralize, or buffer, some inputs of acids.WindTransformation tosulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 )and nitric acid (HNO 3 )Nitric oxide (NO)Sulfur dioxide(SO 2 ) and NOWindborne ammonia gasand particles of cultivated soilpartially neutralize acids andform dry sulfate and nitrate saltsDry acid deposition(sulfur dioxide gasand particles ofsulfate and nitrate salts)Wet acid depostion(droplets of H 2 SO 4 andHNO 3 dissolved in rainand snow)OceanAcid fogFarmLakes in deepsoil high in limestoneare bufferedLakes in shallow soillow in limestonebecome acidicFigure 20-8 Natural capital degradation: acid deposition, which consists of rain, snow, dust, or gas with a pHlower than 5.6, is commonly called acid rain. Soils and lakes vary in their ability to buffer or remove excess acidity.444 CHAPTER 20 Air Pollution
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1Environmental Problems, TheirCause
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AirSOLAR ENERGYRESOURCESWaterEnergy
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changes that lead to an increasingl
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take the resources of 1.15 planet e
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Causes of Environmental Problems•
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Developing Countriesxx=Population (
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■ We should encourage earth-susta
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2. Write two-page scenarios describ
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A continent ages quickly once we co
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Good NewsMore foodSupported alarger
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Figure 2-8 Theodore (“Teddy”)Ro
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What Happened during the 1970s? The
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on which they and their ancestors h
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Science is an adventure of the huma
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CTIONSWhat Is Harmingthe Robins?Sup
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After building and testing a mathem
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I am going to give you a brief intr
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Figure 3-6 The pH scale, used to me
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The different molecules of DNA that
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Energy emitted from sun (kcal/cm 2
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aluminum foil. When solid water (ic
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nn23592 UUranium-235nucleus9236Kr14
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SolarenergyChemicalenergy(photosynt
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number of resource users. In other
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The earth’s thin film of living m
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(a) Eukaryotic CellNucleus(informat
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AtmosphereVegetationBiosphereand an
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Coastal chaparraland scrubConiferou
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NoorganismsLower limitof toleranceF
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Detritus feedersDecomposersLong-hor
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First TrophicLevelSecond TrophicLev
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Figure 4-20 Generalized pyramid of
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Terrestrial EcosystemsSwamps and ma
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every handful of topsoil break down
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suited for plant growth. It has a t
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Figure 4-29 Naturalcapital: simplif
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wildlife habitats, alter temperatur
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miningFertilizerexcretionuptake bya
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How Are Human Activities Affecting
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For example, people visit degraded
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There is grandeur to this view of l
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According to the theory of evolutio
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Black skimmerseizes small fishat wa
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5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION,AND BIOD
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Scientists have also identified per
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Identify and extractgene with desir
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infrared radiation, as a rattlesnak
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To do science is to search for repe
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figure. Scientists hypothesize that
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ArcticCircleTropic ofCancerNorth Pa
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Winds can also affect regionalclima
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FPO(a) Rays of sunlight penetrateth
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ColdPolarTundraSubpolarDecreasing t
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Figure 6-20 Natural capital:some co
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Beisa oryxCape buffaloWildebeestTop
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Figure 6-25 Natural capitaldegradat
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Natural Capital DegradationGrasslan
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4540HarpyeagleEmergentlayer35Tocoto
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with sunlight available only 6-8 ho
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Natural Capital DegradationWhen we
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If there is magic on this planet, i
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there. Photosynthesis cannot take p
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Figure 7-7 View of an estuary taken
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Rocky Shore BeachSea starHermit cra
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Figure 7-12 Natural capital:some co
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EcologicalServicesClimatemoderation
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In warm months the bottom layer of
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According to scientists, we urgentl
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Animal and vegetable life is too co
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HighHighHighRate of immigrationor e
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mostly on land and eat insects that
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According to this hypothesis, musse
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Many people—influenced by movies
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strychnine, peyote, nicotine, and r
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It is tempting to think of mutualis
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How Do Species Replace One Another
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By contrast, grasslands are much le
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9Population EcologyPopulationContro
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The size of a population that inclu
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Number of reindeer2,0001,5001,00050
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Reproductive individuals in populat
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Percentage surviving (log scale)100
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A third type of alteration is using
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In the next chapter we will apply t
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The problems to be faced are vast a
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ates affect a country’s populatio
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United States Mexico CanadaPopulati
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and a high incidence of infectious
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Age100+95-9990-9485-8980-8475-7970-
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Age Distribution (%)403530252015105
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80Stage 1PreindustrialStage 2Transi
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also make up 70% of the world’s p
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Such experience also suggests that
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Forests precede civilizations, dese
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The Species ApproachGoalProtect spe
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parkways, trails, rivers, seashores
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Weak treesremovedFigure 11-8 Short
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AdvantagesHigher timberyieldsMaximu
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trees no faster than they are reple
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Sudden oak death White pine blister
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vere forest fires for two reasons.
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and degradation practices, Brazil
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SolutionsSustaining Tropical Forest
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• Integrate plans for managing pa
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Should Reserves Be as Large as Poss
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Figure 11-24 Endangered natural cap
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ity of ecosystems well enough to re
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original state? How much of it shou
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The last word in ignorance is the p
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Florida manatee Northern spotted ow
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each of these three species estimat
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BiophiliaBiologist EdwardO. Wilson
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Island species, many of them endemi
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Deliberately Introduced SpeciesPurp
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The Termite from HellForget killer
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© Karl Ammann. Biosynergy Institut
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tional Trade in Endangered Species
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Most people would say yes. The prob
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the act allows for economic concern
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ity, with the aim of reintroducing
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The Department of Defense controls
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13 SustainingAquatic BiodiversityBi
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CobiaHogfishKelpCarrageenPacific sa
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peated scraping. Slow-growing, long
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control approach and to be sure the
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(CITES), the 1979 Global Treaty on
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Beetle car, and some of its arterie
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What Role Can ReconciliationEcology
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eries. When it works, community-bas
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GULF OFMEXICOAgricultural areaTreat
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water withdrawal for irrigation. An
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SolutionsRebuilding Salmon Populati
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14 Foodand Soil ResourcesSoilBiodiv
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Industrialized agricultureShifting
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First green revolution(developed co
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Low-Tech Sustainable Agriculture in
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According to the U.S. Department of
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OvergrazingDeforestationErosionCaus
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(a) Terracing(b) Contour planting a
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2,000400Grain production(millions o
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People who are underfed and underwe
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14-6 INCREASING CROPPRODUCTIONWhat
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sistence farmers in developing coun
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capita meat production more than do
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A more expensive and less widely us
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Spotter airplaneFish farmingin cage
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estuaries. Then the fish are releas
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Currently, organic farming is used
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15 WaterResourcesWaterCASE STUDYWat
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physically connects us to one anoth
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Groundwater normally moves from poi
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and wildlife could trigger “water
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city’s water systems have been ta
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for the dams and reservoirs and has
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has devastated the area’s fishing
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Aquifers provide drinking water for
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WYOMINGCOLORADONEW MEXICOSOUTH DAKO
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Mohamed El-Ashry of the World Resou
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water waste by about 84% while irri
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15-8 TOO MUCH WATERWhat Causes Floo
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gradually. Another way to reduce fl
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16 MineralGeology and NonrenewableR
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AbyssalhillsAbyssalfloorOceanicridg
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usually rides up over the denser oc
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cant (less than 4.0 on the Richter
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ported from their sources by water,
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How Are Buried Mineral DepositsRemo
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16-6 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTSOF USING
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Separationof ore fromgangueMetal or
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Some analysts contend that all we n
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Can We Find Substitutes for ScarceN
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Typical citizens of advanced indust
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Figure 17-5 shows energy consumptio
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Currently, oil has a high net energ
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ArcticOceanCoalPrince WilliamSoundG
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Oil (million barrels per day)120100
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Coal-firedelectricitySynthetic oil
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Burning natural gas emits CO 2 but
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Trade-OffsCoalxHOW WOULD YOU VOTE?
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Small amounts ofradioactive gasesUr
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After more than 50 years of develop
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CoalAmple supplyHigh net energyyiel
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corrode and release their radioacti
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out the entire rail or truck trip i
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manently in 1998. Because of this e
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18 andEnergy EfficiencyRenewable En
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Energy Inputs System Outputs86%8%3%
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source. These systems have an energ
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ABCombustion engine:Small, efficien
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Atlanta’s 13-story Georgia Power
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Net Energy EfficiencySuperinsulated
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Why Are We Still Wasting So Much En
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Page 391 and 392: AdvantagesFairly high netenergyWork
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Page 395 and 396: AdvantagesLarge potentialsupply in
Page 397 and 398: surface. Researchers in several cou
Page 399 and 400: Primary EnergySourcesHydrogenProduc
Page 401 and 402: Bioenergy power plantsWind farmSmal
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Page 405 and 406: 19 andRisk, Toxicology,Human Health
Page 407 and 408: Number of individuals affectedVerys
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Page 411 and 412: dosage. With the threshold dose-res
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Page 415 and 416: 19-4 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS:DISEASE IN
Page 417 and 418: A typical virus consists of a shell
Page 419 and 420: For example, the West Nile virus ha
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Page 423 and 424: AgentContagiousSymptomsMortality(if
Page 425 and 426: Cause of DeathAnnual DeathsPoverty/
Page 427 and 428: ■ How should limited funds be spe
Page 429 and 430: 20 AirPollutionAirPopulationPolluti
Page 431 and 432: layer of rising and falling air cur
Page 433 and 434: Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad
Page 435 and 436: tems, most scientists say that it m
Page 437 and 438: UltrafineParticlesSea salt nucleiFi
Page 439: Warmer airInversion layerIncreasing
Page 443 and 444: when the soil pH falls below 5.1. E
Page 445 and 446: educe or eliminate emissions of SO
Page 447 and 448: FurnaceSlabSoilClothesdryerRadon-22
Page 449 and 450: How Many People Die Prematurely fro
Page 451 and 452: plant expansions, or sell them to o
Page 453 and 454: Cleaned gasElectrodesCleaned gasDir
Page 455 and 456: PreventionCover ceiling tilesand li
Page 457 and 458: 21 andClimate ChangeOzone LossClima
Page 459 and 460: Average surface temperature (°C)Av
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Page 463 and 464: Table 21-2 Major Characteristics of
Page 465 and 466: are dying because the permafrost un
Page 467 and 468: CellCloudsLandOceanAccording to the
Page 469 and 470: They suggest that this indicates th
Page 471 and 472: Agriculture• Shifts in food-growi
Page 473 and 474: ter temperatures in the Sierra Neva
Page 475 and 476: PreventionCut fossil fueluse (espec
Page 477 and 478: taxes on carbon emissions or fuel u
Page 479 and 480: What Can You Do?Reducing CO 2 Emiss
Page 481 and 482: Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluo
Page 483 and 484: ozone in the stratosphere. From a h
Page 485 and 486: Abundance (parts per trillion)INDIV
Page 487 and 488: 22 WaterPollutionWaterPollutionCont
Page 489 and 490: Table 22-2 Common Diseases Transmit
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Because point sources are at specif
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veloped countries. Two causes of th
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Nitrogen compoundsproduced by carsa
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ties of acids, pesticides, and othe
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ern India drink groundwater contami
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100 kilometers (62 miles) of the co
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Dumping industrial waste off U.S. c
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The key to protecting oceans is to
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PrimarySecondaryGritBar screen cham
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where bacteria break down remaining
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Officials are working to find ways
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It is a hard truth to swallow, but
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A weed is a plant whose virtues hav
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veloped countries, but use in devel
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U.S. Department of Agricultureresis
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What Goes Around CanCome AroundU.S.
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our bodies, and we should be concer
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U.S. Department of AgricultureAgric
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and opposition from agricultural ch
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Solid wastes are only raw materials
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24-2 PRODUCING LESS WASTEWhat Are O
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PharmaceuticalplantSludgeLocal farm
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matter and energy resources, cuts p
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Reduces globalwarmingReduces acidde
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xHOW WOULD YOU VOTE? Should househo
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Disposalwaste, pollutionUsebleach,d
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What Are the Advantages and Disadva
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What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your
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icals. Scientists are testing the u
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Most hazardous waste in the United
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PreventionPhase out leadedgasoline
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EPA advised women who may become pr
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When they can be found, responsible
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out use of these chemicals and to d
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25 SustainableCitiesBiodiversityEne
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Karachi10.4 million16.2 millionDhak
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Image provided courtesy of theU.S.
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InputsOutputsEnergyFoodWaterRawmate
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Despite joblessness, squalor, overc
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day—and injure another 15 million
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T rade-OffsMass Transit RailT rade-
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area (Figure 25-7) between 1862 and
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MajorhighwaysGreenbeltUrban centerS
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powered motorcycles by 2007, and is
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26 andEconomics, Environment,Sustai
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price matches what buyers are willi
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SunEARTHFigure 26-4 Ecological econ
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CostHighLowOptimum pollutionclean-u
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onment, their flow rates through th
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cluding costs, as much as possible,
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• Decreases depletion and degrada
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Should We Rely More on Tradable Pol
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Figure 26-14 Data on the global dis
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Microloans to the PoorMost of thewo
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Sunset BusinessesCoal miningOil pro
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27 andPolitics, Environment,Sustain
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ness, and environmental leaders and
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Leaders are persons whom other peop
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issue as the key to making governme
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LobbyistsLobbyistsLawmaking bodyPub
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19691970197119721973197419751976197
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noise to certain levels or to elimi
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The spearhead of the global conserv
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Such audits have resulted in numero
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natural capital. According to envir
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Speth and several other national an
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■ Open all discussions and findin
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7. Explain why you agree or disagre
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The main ingredients of an environm
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global economy with minimal governm
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What Is the Environmental WisdomWor
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onmental education. They cite some
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What Are Our Basic Needs?Obviously,
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new relationship with the earth tha
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APPENDIX 1UNITS OF MEASURELENGTHMet
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1930s 1940s 1950s1938 Federal Food,
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1970s1971Biologist BarryCommonerpub
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1991-2000Continuing efforts by anti
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OHcommon covalent compounds, formed
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A PPENDIX 4CLASSIFYING AND NAMING S
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GLOSSARYabiotic Nonliving. Compare
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CFCsSee chlorofluorocarbons.chain r
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timeters (10 inches) a year. Such a
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eutrophication Physical, chemical,
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high-throughput economy The situati
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distribution facilities. Compare hu
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and with atoms of one or more other
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adioactive decay Change of a radioi
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soil permeability Rate at which wat
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transmissible disease A disease tha
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