Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability 1

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Bowhead whaleBowhead whaleBowhead whaleNorthern rightwhaleFin whaleHawksbillturtleHawaiianmonk sealHumpbackwhaleGreenturtleKemp'sridley turtleLeatherbackturtleHawksbillturtleGreenturtleHawksbillturtleFin whaleOliveridleyturtleLeatherbackturtleNorthern rightwhaleHumpbackwhaleMediterraneanmonk sealSaimaa sealOliveridleyturtleLeatherbackturtleBowhead whaleJapanesesea lionLeatherbackturtleOliveridleyturtleHawksbillturtleGreenturtleHumpbackwhaleHumpbackwhaleHawksbillturtleHawksbillturtleHumpbackwhaleGreenturtleLeatherbackturtleFin whaleFin whaleWhaleTurtleSealSea lionFigure 13-6 Natural capital degradation: endangered and threatened marine mammals (whales, seals, andsea lions) and reptiles (turtles). Many marine fish, seabirds, and invertebrate species are also threatened.Loggerhead119 centimetersOlive ridley76 centimetersHawksbill89 centimetersBlack turtle99 centimetersAustralianflatback99 centimetersLeatherback188 centimetersGreen turtle124 centimetersKemp’s ridley76 centimetersFigure 13-7 Natural capital degradation: major species of sea turtles that have roamed the seas for 150 millionyears, showing their relative adult sizes. Three of these species (Kemp’s ridley, leatherbacks, and hawksbills)are endangered, and the rest are threatened as a result of human activities.258 CHAPTER 13 Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
(CITES), the 1979 Global Treaty on Migratory Species,the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, theU.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (p. 241), the U.S.Whale Conservation and Protection Act of 1976, andthe 1995 International Convention on BiologicalDiversity.Public aquariums that exhibit unusual and attractivefish and some marine animals such as seals anddolphins have played an important role in educatingthe public about the need to protect such species.Case Study: Should Commercial WhalingBe Resumed? An Ongoing ControversyAfter many of the world’s whale species wereoverharvested, commercial whaling wasbanned in 1970, but there are efforts to overturnthis ban.Cetaceans are an order of mostly marine mammalsranging in size from the 0.9-meter (3-foot) porpoise tothe giant 15- to 30-meter (50- to 100-foot) blue whale.They are divided into two major groups: toothed whalesand baleen whales (Figure 13-8, p. 260).Toothed whales, such as the porpoise, sperm whale,and killer whale (orca), bite and chew their food andfeed mostly on squid, octopus, and other marine animals.Baleen whales, such as the blue, gray, humpback,and finback, are filter feeders. Instead of teeth theyhave several hundred horny plates made of baleen, orwhalebone, that hang down from the upper jaw. Theseplates filter plankton from the seawater, especially tinyshrimplike krill (Figure 4-19, p. 69). Baleen whales arethe more abundant of the two cetacean groups.Whales are fairly easy to kill because of their largesize and their need to come to the surface to breathe.Mass slaughter has become efficient with the use ofradar and airplanes to locate them, fast ships, harpoonguns, and inflation lances that pump dead whales fullof air and make them float.Whale harvesting, mostly in international waters,has followed the classic pattern of a tragedy of thecommons, with whalers killing an estimated 1.5 millionwhales between 1925 and 1975. This overharvestingreduced the populations of 8 of the 11 majorspecies to the point at which it no longer paid to huntand kill them (commercial extinction). It also drove somecommercially prized species such as the giant bluewhale to the brink of biological extinction (see CaseStudy, p. 260).In 1946, the International Convention for theRegulation of Whaling established the InternationalWhaling Commission (IWC), which now has 49 nationmembers. Its mission was to regulate the whaling industryby setting annual quotas to prevent overharvestingand commercial extinction.This did not work well for two reasons. First, IWCquotas often were based on inadequate data or ignoredby whaling countries. Second, without powers ofenforcement the IWC was not able to stop the declineof most commercially hunted whale species.In 1970, the United States stopped all commercialwhaling and banned all imports of whale products.Under pressure from environmentalists, the U.S. government,and governments of many nonwhalingcountries in the IWC, the IWC has imposed a moratoriumon commercial whaling since 1986. It worked.The estimated number of whales killed commerciallyworldwide dropped from 42,480 in 1970 to about 1,200in 2004.Despite the ban, IWC members Japan and Norwayhave continued to hunt certain whale species, andIceland resumed hunting whales in 2002—stating thata certain number of whales needed to be harvested forscientific purposes. Japan, Norway, Iceland, Russia,and a growing number of small tropical island countries—whichJapan brought into the IWC to support itsposition—continue working to overthrow the IWCban on commercial whaling and reverse the internationalban on buying and selling whale products.They argue that commercial whaling should be allowedbecause it has long been a traditional part of theeconomies and cultures of countries such as Japan,Iceland, and Norway. They also contend that the ban isbased on emotion, not updated scientific estimates ofwhale populations.The moratorium on commercial whaling has ledto a sharp rebound in the estimated populations ofsperm, pilot, and minke whales. Proponents of resumingwhaling see no scientific reason for not resumingcontrolled and sustainable hunting of these speciesand other whale species with populations of at least1 million.Conservationists disagree. Some argue that whalesare peaceful, intelligent, sensitive, and highly socialmammals that pose no threat to humans and should beprotected for ethical reasons. Others question IWC estimatesof the allegedly recovered whale species, notingthe inaccuracy of past IWC estimates of whale populations.Also, many conservationists fear that openingthe door to any commercial whaling may eventuallylead to widespread harvests of most whale species byweakening current international disapproval and legalsanctions against commercial whaling.Proponents of resuming whaling say that peoplein other countries have no right to tell Japanese,Norwegians, and other whaling culture countries thatbecause we like whales they must not eat them. Thiswould be like people in India who consider cows sacredtelling Americans and Europeans that theyshould not be allowed to eat beef.xHOW WOULD YOU VOTE? Should commercial whalingbe resumed? Cast your vote online at http://biology.brookscole.com/miller14.http://biology.brookscole.com/miller14259
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1Environmental Problems, TheirCause
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AirSOLAR ENERGYRESOURCESWaterEnergy
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changes that lead to an increasingl
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take the resources of 1.15 planet e
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Causes of Environmental Problems•
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Developing Countriesxx=Population (
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■ We should encourage earth-susta
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2. Write two-page scenarios describ
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A continent ages quickly once we co
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Good NewsMore foodSupported alarger
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Figure 2-8 Theodore (“Teddy”)Ro
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What Happened during the 1970s? The
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on which they and their ancestors h
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Science is an adventure of the huma
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CTIONSWhat Is Harmingthe Robins?Sup
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After building and testing a mathem
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I am going to give you a brief intr
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Figure 3-6 The pH scale, used to me
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The different molecules of DNA that
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Energy emitted from sun (kcal/cm 2
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aluminum foil. When solid water (ic
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nn23592 UUranium-235nucleus9236Kr14
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SolarenergyChemicalenergy(photosynt
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number of resource users. In other
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The earth’s thin film of living m
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(a) Eukaryotic CellNucleus(informat
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AtmosphereVegetationBiosphereand an
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Coastal chaparraland scrubConiferou
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NoorganismsLower limitof toleranceF
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Detritus feedersDecomposersLong-hor
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First TrophicLevelSecond TrophicLev
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Figure 4-20 Generalized pyramid of
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Terrestrial EcosystemsSwamps and ma
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every handful of topsoil break down
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suited for plant growth. It has a t
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Figure 4-29 Naturalcapital: simplif
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wildlife habitats, alter temperatur
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miningFertilizerexcretionuptake bya
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How Are Human Activities Affecting
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For example, people visit degraded
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There is grandeur to this view of l
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According to the theory of evolutio
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Black skimmerseizes small fishat wa
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5-4 SPECIATION, EXTINCTION,AND BIOD
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Scientists have also identified per
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Identify and extractgene with desir
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infrared radiation, as a rattlesnak
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To do science is to search for repe
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figure. Scientists hypothesize that
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ArcticCircleTropic ofCancerNorth Pa
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Winds can also affect regionalclima
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FPO(a) Rays of sunlight penetrateth
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ColdPolarTundraSubpolarDecreasing t
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Figure 6-20 Natural capital:some co
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Beisa oryxCape buffaloWildebeestTop
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Figure 6-25 Natural capitaldegradat
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Natural Capital DegradationGrasslan
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4540HarpyeagleEmergentlayer35Tocoto
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with sunlight available only 6-8 ho
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Natural Capital DegradationWhen we
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If there is magic on this planet, i
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there. Photosynthesis cannot take p
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Figure 7-7 View of an estuary taken
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Rocky Shore BeachSea starHermit cra
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Figure 7-12 Natural capital:some co
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EcologicalServicesClimatemoderation
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In warm months the bottom layer of
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According to scientists, we urgentl
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Animal and vegetable life is too co
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HighHighHighRate of immigrationor e
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mostly on land and eat insects that
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According to this hypothesis, musse
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Many people—influenced by movies
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strychnine, peyote, nicotine, and r
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It is tempting to think of mutualis
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How Do Species Replace One Another
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By contrast, grasslands are much le
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9Population EcologyPopulationContro
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The size of a population that inclu
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Number of reindeer2,0001,5001,00050
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Reproductive individuals in populat
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Percentage surviving (log scale)100
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A third type of alteration is using
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In the next chapter we will apply t
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The problems to be faced are vast a
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ates affect a country’s populatio
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United States Mexico CanadaPopulati
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and a high incidence of infectious
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Age100+95-9990-9485-8980-8475-7970-
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Age Distribution (%)403530252015105
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80Stage 1PreindustrialStage 2Transi
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also make up 70% of the world’s p
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Such experience also suggests that
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Forests precede civilizations, dese
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The Species ApproachGoalProtect spe
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parkways, trails, rivers, seashores
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Weak treesremovedFigure 11-8 Short
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AdvantagesHigher timberyieldsMaximu
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trees no faster than they are reple
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Page 205 and 206: vere forest fires for two reasons.
Page 207 and 208: and degradation practices, Brazil
Page 209 and 210: SolutionsSustaining Tropical Forest
Page 211 and 212: • Integrate plans for managing pa
Page 213 and 214: Should Reserves Be as Large as Poss
Page 215 and 216: Figure 11-24 Endangered natural cap
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Page 221 and 222: The last word in ignorance is the p
Page 223 and 224: Florida manatee Northern spotted ow
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Page 227 and 228: BiophiliaBiologist EdwardO. Wilson
Page 229 and 230: Island species, many of them endemi
Page 231 and 232: Deliberately Introduced SpeciesPurp
Page 233 and 234: The Termite from HellForget killer
Page 235 and 236: © Karl Ammann. Biosynergy Institut
Page 237 and 238: tional Trade in Endangered Species
Page 239 and 240: Most people would say yes. The prob
Page 241 and 242: the act allows for economic concern
Page 243 and 244: ity, with the aim of reintroducing
Page 245 and 246: The Department of Defense controls
Page 247 and 248: 13 SustainingAquatic BiodiversityBi
Page 249 and 250: CobiaHogfishKelpCarrageenPacific sa
Page 251 and 252: peated scraping. Slow-growing, long
Page 253: control approach and to be sure the
Page 257 and 258: Beetle car, and some of its arterie
Page 259 and 260: What Role Can ReconciliationEcology
Page 261 and 262: eries. When it works, community-bas
Page 263 and 264: GULF OFMEXICOAgricultural areaTreat
Page 265 and 266: water withdrawal for irrigation. An
Page 267 and 268: SolutionsRebuilding Salmon Populati
Page 269 and 270: 14 Foodand Soil ResourcesSoilBiodiv
Page 271 and 272: Industrialized agricultureShifting
Page 273 and 274: First green revolution(developed co
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Page 277 and 278: According to the U.S. Department of
Page 279 and 280: OvergrazingDeforestationErosionCaus
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Page 285 and 286: People who are underfed and underwe
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Page 293 and 294: A more expensive and less widely us
Page 295 and 296: Spotter airplaneFish farmingin cage
Page 297 and 298: estuaries. Then the fish are releas
Page 299 and 300: Currently, organic farming is used
Page 301 and 302: 15 WaterResourcesWaterCASE STUDYWat
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Groundwater normally moves from poi
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and wildlife could trigger “water
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city’s water systems have been ta
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for the dams and reservoirs and has
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has devastated the area’s fishing
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Aquifers provide drinking water for
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WYOMINGCOLORADONEW MEXICOSOUTH DAKO
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Mohamed El-Ashry of the World Resou
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water waste by about 84% while irri
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15-8 TOO MUCH WATERWhat Causes Floo
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gradually. Another way to reduce fl
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16 MineralGeology and NonrenewableR
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AbyssalhillsAbyssalfloorOceanicridg
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usually rides up over the denser oc
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cant (less than 4.0 on the Richter
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ported from their sources by water,
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How Are Buried Mineral DepositsRemo
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16-6 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTSOF USING
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Separationof ore fromgangueMetal or
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Some analysts contend that all we n
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Can We Find Substitutes for ScarceN
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Typical citizens of advanced indust
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Figure 17-5 shows energy consumptio
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Currently, oil has a high net energ
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ArcticOceanCoalPrince WilliamSoundG
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Oil (million barrels per day)120100
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Coal-firedelectricitySynthetic oil
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Burning natural gas emits CO 2 but
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Trade-OffsCoalxHOW WOULD YOU VOTE?
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Small amounts ofradioactive gasesUr
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After more than 50 years of develop
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CoalAmple supplyHigh net energyyiel
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corrode and release their radioacti
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out the entire rail or truck trip i
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manently in 1998. Because of this e
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18 andEnergy EfficiencyRenewable En
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Energy Inputs System Outputs86%8%3%
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source. These systems have an energ
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ABCombustion engine:Small, efficien
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Atlanta’s 13-story Georgia Power
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Net Energy EfficiencySuperinsulated
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Why Are We Still Wasting So Much En
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How Can We Cool Houses Naturally? I
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AdvantagesFairly high netenergyWork
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The DOE calls the Great Plains stat
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AdvantagesLarge potentialsupply in
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surface. Researchers in several cou
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Primary EnergySourcesHydrogenProduc
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Bioenergy power plantsWind farmSmal
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Nuclear energy(fission and fusion)$
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19 andRisk, Toxicology,Human Health
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Number of individuals affectedVerys
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How Can We Estimate the Toxicity of
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dosage. With the threshold dose-res
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HormoneEstrogenlike chemicalAntiand
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19-4 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS:DISEASE IN
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A typical virus consists of a shell
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For example, the West Nile virus ha
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eggs4. Parasite invadesblood cells,
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AgentContagiousSymptomsMortality(if
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Cause of DeathAnnual DeathsPoverty/
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■ How should limited funds be spe
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20 AirPollutionAirPopulationPolluti
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layer of rising and falling air cur
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Air Pollution in the Past: The Bad
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tems, most scientists say that it m
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UltrafineParticlesSea salt nucleiFi
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Warmer airInversion layerIncreasing
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4.75.45.14.75.25.35.35.55.95.54.75.
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when the soil pH falls below 5.1. E
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educe or eliminate emissions of SO
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FurnaceSlabSoilClothesdryerRadon-22
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How Many People Die Prematurely fro
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plant expansions, or sell them to o
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Cleaned gasElectrodesCleaned gasDir
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PreventionCover ceiling tilesand li
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21 andClimate ChangeOzone LossClima
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Average surface temperature (°C)Av
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380410Concentration of carbon dioxi
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Table 21-2 Major Characteristics of
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are dying because the permafrost un
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CellCloudsLandOceanAccording to the
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They suggest that this indicates th
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Agriculture• Shifts in food-growi
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ter temperatures in the Sierra Neva
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PreventionCut fossil fueluse (espec
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taxes on carbon emissions or fuel u
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What Can You Do?Reducing CO 2 Emiss
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Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluo
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ozone in the stratosphere. From a h
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Abundance (parts per trillion)INDIV
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22 WaterPollutionWaterPollutionCont
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Table 22-2 Common Diseases Transmit
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Because point sources are at specif
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veloped countries. Two causes of th
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Nitrogen compoundsproduced by carsa
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ties of acids, pesticides, and othe
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ern India drink groundwater contami
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100 kilometers (62 miles) of the co
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Dumping industrial waste off U.S. c
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The key to protecting oceans is to
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PrimarySecondaryGritBar screen cham
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where bacteria break down remaining
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Officials are working to find ways
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It is a hard truth to swallow, but
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A weed is a plant whose virtues hav
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veloped countries, but use in devel
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U.S. Department of Agricultureresis
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What Goes Around CanCome AroundU.S.
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our bodies, and we should be concer
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U.S. Department of AgricultureAgric
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and opposition from agricultural ch
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Solid wastes are only raw materials
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24-2 PRODUCING LESS WASTEWhat Are O
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PharmaceuticalplantSludgeLocal farm
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matter and energy resources, cuts p
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Reduces globalwarmingReduces acidde
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xHOW WOULD YOU VOTE? Should househo
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Disposalwaste, pollutionUsebleach,d
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What Are the Advantages and Disadva
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What Harmful Chemicals Are in Your
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icals. Scientists are testing the u
Page 549 and 550:
Most hazardous waste in the United
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PreventionPhase out leadedgasoline
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EPA advised women who may become pr
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When they can be found, responsible
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out use of these chemicals and to d
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25 SustainableCitiesBiodiversityEne
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Karachi10.4 million16.2 millionDhak
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Image provided courtesy of theU.S.
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InputsOutputsEnergyFoodWaterRawmate
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Despite joblessness, squalor, overc
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day—and injure another 15 million
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T rade-OffsMass Transit RailT rade-
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area (Figure 25-7) between 1862 and
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MajorhighwaysGreenbeltUrban centerS
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powered motorcycles by 2007, and is
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26 andEconomics, Environment,Sustai
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price matches what buyers are willi
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SunEARTHFigure 26-4 Ecological econ
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CostHighLowOptimum pollutionclean-u
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onment, their flow rates through th
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cluding costs, as much as possible,
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• Decreases depletion and degrada
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Should We Rely More on Tradable Pol
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Figure 26-14 Data on the global dis
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Microloans to the PoorMost of thewo
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Sunset BusinessesCoal miningOil pro
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27 andPolitics, Environment,Sustain
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ness, and environmental leaders and
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Leaders are persons whom other peop
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issue as the key to making governme
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LobbyistsLobbyistsLawmaking bodyPub
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19691970197119721973197419751976197
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noise to certain levels or to elimi
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The spearhead of the global conserv
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Such audits have resulted in numero
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natural capital. According to envir
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Speth and several other national an
Page 623 and 624:
■ Open all discussions and findin
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7. Explain why you agree or disagre
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The main ingredients of an environm
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global economy with minimal governm
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What Is the Environmental WisdomWor
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onmental education. They cite some
Page 635 and 636:
What Are Our Basic Needs?Obviously,
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new relationship with the earth tha
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APPENDIX 1UNITS OF MEASURELENGTHMet
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1930s 1940s 1950s1938 Federal Food,
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1970s1971Biologist BarryCommonerpub
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1991-2000Continuing efforts by anti
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OHcommon covalent compounds, formed
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A PPENDIX 4CLASSIFYING AND NAMING S
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GLOSSARYabiotic Nonliving. Compare
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CFCsSee chlorofluorocarbons.chain r
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timeters (10 inches) a year. Such a
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eutrophication Physical, chemical,
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high-throughput economy The situati
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distribution facilities. Compare hu
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and with atoms of one or more other
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adioactive decay Change of a radioi
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soil permeability Rate at which wat
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transmissible disease A disease tha
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