View - ResearchSpace@Auckland - The University of Auckland
View - ResearchSpace@Auckland - The University of Auckland
View - ResearchSpace@Auckland - The University of Auckland
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9.1 Introduction............... ...202<br />
9.2 Technical factors affecting resurts across research groups....... ............202<br />
9.3 Standardisation ............ ...................204<br />
9.3.1 Single breath online measurement.............. ................205<br />
9.3.1 (i) F1ow......... .....206<br />
9.3.1 (ii) Mouth pressure ...............211<br />
9.3.1 (iii) Nasal clips and breath_holding............ ...............212<br />
9.3.1 (iv) <strong>The</strong> recorded measurement......... ......213<br />
9.3.1 (v) <strong>The</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> ambient nitric oxide ....213<br />
9.4 Online spontaneous or tidal breathing measurement.............. ..............214<br />
9.5 OffJine measurement.............. .......216<br />
9.6 Nasal nitric oxide measurement.............. .........220<br />
9.7 Physiological alterations that may affect measurement.............. .........221<br />
9.7.1 Size and gender....... ................221<br />
9.7.2 Age .......... ,............222<br />
9.7.3 Circadian rhythm. ...,...............223<br />
9.7.4 Menstrual cycle and pregnancy ................223<br />
9.7.5 Food and beverages ................224<br />
9.7 .6 Summary <strong>of</strong> physiological factors that could alter nitric oxide levels ....,......224<br />
9.8 Nitric oxide levels in asthma and atopy ...........224<br />
9.8.1 Does nitric oxide correlate with other asthmatic inflammatory markers?......22s<br />
9.8.2 Does nitric oxide correlate with lung function and bronchial hyperresponsiveness?<br />
....................226<br />
9.8.3 Can nitric oxide be used for diagnosis <strong>of</strong> asthma?.............. .........227<br />
9.8.4 Is nitric oxide associated with symptoms and severity <strong>of</strong> asthma? ................22g<br />
9.8.5 can nitric oxide predict deterioration in asthma control? ....,.......23t<br />
9.8.6 What happens to nitric oxide during an acute asthma attack .......233<br />
9.8.7 What is the effect <strong>of</strong> atopy alone on nitric oxide?....... .................233<br />
9.8.8 Can nitric oxide be an outcome measure for assessing treatment? ................235<br />
9.8.8 (i) Corticosteroids............. ...235<br />
9.8.8 (ii) Anti-leukotriene receptor antagonists .................237<br />
9.8.8 (iii) Long acting p2 agonisrs............... .....23g<br />
9.8.8 (iv) Nedocromil sodium .......,23g<br />
9.8.8 (v) <strong>The</strong>ophylline.............. .....23g<br />
9.8.8 (vi) Novel medications................ ............23g<br />
9.8.9 Summary <strong>of</strong> nitric oxide in asthma and atopy.. ..........240<br />
9.9 Nitric oxide levels in primary ciliary dyskinesia................... ...............241<br />
9.10 Nitric oxide levels in cystic fibrosis.................. .................242<br />
9.ll Nitric oxide levels in bronchiectasis......... ........245<br />
9.12 Nitric oxide levels in upper respiratory tract infections.......... .............245<br />
9.13 Nitric oxide levels in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copD).... ..............246<br />
9.14 Nitric oxide levels in smokers ........247<br />
9.15 Nitric oxide levels in interstitial lung diseases ...................24g<br />
9.16 Nitric oxide levels in exercise ........250<br />
9.17 Nitric oxide measurements in infants ...............252<br />
9.17.1 Methodology.............. .............252<br />
9.17.2 lrvels <strong>of</strong> nitric oxide in infants with different respiratory diseases ...............256<br />
9.17 .3 Prenatal and maternal effects on nitric oxide levet........:......... ...257<br />
9.17.4 Effects <strong>of</strong> treatment on nitric oxide levels........ ..........257<br />
9.17.5 Summary <strong>of</strong> nitric oxide findings in infants.. .............257<br />
_ 9.18 Chapter surnmary... .......25g<br />
Chapter l0: Reflections ............262<br />
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