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Tsikas, D., R. H. Boger, et al. (1994). "Quantification of nitrite and nitrate in human urine and plasma as pentafluorobenzyl derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using their l5N-labelled analogs." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Applications 661(2): I 85-91. Tsoukias, N. M. and S. C. George (1998). "A two-compartment model of pulmonary nitric oxide exchange dynamics." Journal of Applied Physiology E5(2): 653-66. Tsoukias, N. M., Z. Tannous, et al. (1998). "Single-exhalation profiles of NO and CO2 in humans: effect of dynamically changing flow rate." E5(2): 642-52. Tsuchiya, M., A. Asada, et al. (2002). "Smoking a single cigarette rapidly reduces combined concentrations of nitrate and nitrite and concentrations of antioxidants in plasma." Circulation 105(10): I 155-7. Tsujino, I., M. Nishimura, et al. (2000). "Exhaled nitric oxide-is it really a good marker of airway inflammation in bronchial asthma?" Respiration 67(6):645-51. Tu, H., J. Xue, et al. (2000). "A novel electrochemical microsensor for the determination of NO and its application to the study of the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione." Analyst 125(1): 163-7. Tulic, M. K. and Q. Hamid (2006). "New insights into the pathophysiology of the small airways in asthma." Clinics in Chest Medicine 27(L):4I-52. Turktas, H., K. Oguzulgen, et al. (2003). "Correlation of exhaled nitric oxide levels and airway inflammation markers in stable asthmatic patients." Joumal of Asthma 40(4): 425-30. Turner-Warwick, M. (1977). "On observing patterns of airflow obstruction in chronic asthma." British Journal of Diseases of the Chest 7l(2):73-86. Turner-Warwick, M. and P. L. Haslam (1987). "Clinical applications of bronchoalveolar lavage." Clinics in Chest Medicine 8(l): 15-26. Turner, G. K. (1985). Measurement of light from chemical and biochemical reactions. Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence: Instruments and Application. K. V. Dyke. Florida, USA., CRC Press, Boca Raton.: 43-78. Turner, M. O., D. Taylor, et al. (1998). "A randomized trial comparing peak expiratory flow and symptom self-management plans for patients with asthma attending a primary care clinic." American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 157(2): 540-6. Turner, n. (2006). Immunisation delivery. Trying to Catch Our Breath. I. A. C. Byrnes. Wellington, New Zealand, Asthma And Respiratory Foundation of New T,r-alandt I7' 19. Twaddell, S. H., P. G. Gibson, et al. (1996). "Assessment of airway inflammation in children with acute asthma using induced sputum." European Respiratory Journal 9(10): 2L04- 8. Twiss, J., R. Metcalfe, et al. (2005). "New Zealand national incidence of bronchiectasis "too high" for a developed country." Archives of Disease in Childhood 90(7): 737-40. Tzelepis, G. E., I. Pavleas, et al. (2005). "Expiratory effort enhancement and peak expiratory flow in humans." European Journal of Applied Physiology 94(l-2): ll-6. Tzelepis, G. E., S. Zakynthinos, et al. (1997). "Inspiratory maneuver effects on peak expiratoryflow.RoleoflungelasticrecoilandexpiratorypresSure.''@ of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 156(5): 1399-404. Uematsu, M., Y. Ohara, et al. (1995). "Regulation of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression by shear stress." American Journal of Physiology 269(6 Pt 1): c1371-8. I-Imeno, E., D. M. McDonald, et al. (1990). "Hypertonic saline increases vascular permeability in the rat trachea by producing neurogenic inflammation." Journal of Clinical Investigation 85(6): 1905-8. UNICEF (2005). Child Poverty in Rich Countries, IIMCEF Innocenti Research Centre. 347
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UNIVERSITV OF AUCKI'AND Abstract -
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There was no significant difference
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This is Dedicated: Dedication To th
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New Zealand The Paediatric Departme
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Contents Abstract ........tr Dedica
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6.5.4 The subjects............... .
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XIV
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List of Figures Figure l.l: Top l0
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List of Abbreviations ABPA allergic
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LADA N*N* dimethyl L-arginine LFA1
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t}ryem(eNoS)Typeltrendothelialnifti
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area, some of it has been expanded
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In addition, both of these groups a
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studies conducted throughout the Un
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Video clips of infants with a varie
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the Paediatric Society of New 7*ala
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inhaled anti-cholinergic agents and
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ecommended to monitor asthma at hom
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improvement to 70Vo PEF would have
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Furthermore, investigators have als
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poorer predictor of a diagnosis of
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Bronsky et al. 1998), and a long-te
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SIGN guideline (SIGN 2005) stated "
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In brief, the human airway can be d
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The ability to biopsy has led to st
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small proportion of cells recovered
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methodology of sputum induction and
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et al. 1999; Giannini, Di Franco et
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over a six month treatment prograrn
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There are other studies suggesting
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So is induced sputum in adults and
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asymptomatic patients independent o
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onchial hyper-responsiveness (Reich
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led to research which looked for le
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analyser machines. This thesis pres
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The pollution of the 'great smog of
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adults greater than 65 years (Ostro
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levels compared to those children l
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More recently 'Air Quality Indexes'
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acetylcholine. These were known to
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cyclase does not produce significan
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Garthwaite l99l), and the non adren
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significant complication, this trea
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locus for the enzyme is a susceptib
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NO synthesis and in so doing blocke
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3.1 Chapter 3: The synthesis, react
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BHa = tetrahyrobiopterin, FAD = fla
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(Knowles, McWeeny et al. 1974) and
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more potent at low oxygen tensions
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toxic products such as isoprostanes
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Figure 3.3: The nitric oxide syntha
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providing NO as a neurotransmitter
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The enzyme of this second pathway -
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inappropriate production from comme
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Nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide
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enzyme and are competitively revers
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4.1 Introduction Chapter 4: Methods
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4.4 Nitrite and nitrate The measure
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insensitive (Braker and Mossman 197
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A group of instruments have been de
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The original group demonstrated tha
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equired it. For example, there was
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helium for 30 minutes to remove Oz.
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(Postlethwait and Bidani 1990; Post
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is set at 5ppm (AIHA 1966) based on
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5.1 Chapter 5: Methodological asses
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wanted to compare the patterns of e
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in different colours that became th
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an advisor for this work and main s
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Delay time: the time between turnin
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led to an increased water content t
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Chapter 6: Methodological studies o
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pulmonary circulation appeared to c
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al found levels of 10.3ppb compared
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Authors and Pap€r Sublect numbers
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only those measured by mouth or low
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6. Check that the pens work. Fill w
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keys but it is currently in the mid
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Calibration pressures: the test por
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T-piece: tO The first figure shows
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the rotameter. Tracings of each par
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Figure 6.6: Mean exhaled NO levels
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NO and COz results from single exha
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6.6.4 (iii) Comparison of exhaled n
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Figure 6.11b: COz levels at peak NO
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I also considered whether the diffe
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the direct to the indirect method l
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need for methodological experiments
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The exhalations were carried out in
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Figure 7.2: Example of the tracing
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7.4.4 Results There was an increase
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Table 7.3: NO, COz and duration of
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The second set of exhalations invol
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Figure 7.6: Photographs of the chan
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Table 7.5: Exhaled NO results with
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the NO concentrations taken pre and
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Figure 7.10: Hyperbolic relationshi
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pressure over the likely range enco
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subjects with respiratory disease,
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8.1 Chapter 8: Exhaled nitric oxide
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standard error of the mean (SEM), s
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T-piece sampling system to analyser
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Figure 8.2a: Comparison of peak exh
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if yes who? if yes who? if yes who?
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There are limitations with regard t
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significantly between research grou
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controls. Kharitinov et al reported
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direct method in asthmatic children
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Figure 8.4a: The eftect of commenci
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had last used her p2 agonist inhale
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higher level of exhaled NO at 4.9pp
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9.1 Introduction Chapter 9: Exhaled
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For the oral measurements options i
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Table 9.1: The recommended standard
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taken from the available literature
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compartment correlated with the ser
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measurement with variable expirator
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to settle. We may have been measuri
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9.5 Off-line measurement NO determi
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(Hyde, Geigel et al. 1997; Tsoukias
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9.6 Nasal nitric oxide measurement
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measured over two 24 hour periods,
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women who coincidently experienced
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While these cross-sectional and the
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symptoms. Steroid response was sign
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'difficult asthma' also had higher
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season and then reduced down to bas
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of cross sectional studies with a t
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Ciabattoni et al. 2004; Petersen, A
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FEV9.5, symptom score and airways r
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Indomethacin - This medication alte
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89Vo for PCD, and above that exclud
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This low NO occurs despite higher t
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patients were followed through one
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differences noted based on filter,
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9.L6 Nitric oxide levels in exercis
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another study of 111 school childre
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Almost all studies used sedation, w
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peak exhaled NO production in the f
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flow and to minimize nasal contamin
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ecruit blood vessels in the lung. S
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Chapter 10: Reflections The outcome
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and I enrolled 52 asthmatic childre
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Edwards EA, Douglas C, Broome S, Je
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o Cass Byrnes & Nicky Holt. "Drugs
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o Byrnes CA. Paediatric fibreoptic
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Appendix 2: Questionnaire for enrol
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Al-Ali, M. K. and P. H. Howarth (20
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Archer, S. L., P. J. Shultz, et al.
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Baraldi, E., N. M. Azzolin, et al.
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Belda, J., P. Hussack, et al. (2001
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Bongers, T. and B. R. ODriscoll (20
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Brown, G. C. and C. E. Cooper (1994
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Castro-Rodriguez, J. A., C. J. Holb
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Cockcroft, D. W., D. N. Killian, et
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de Blic, J., V. Marchac, et al. (20
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Donaldson, S. H., W. D. Bennett, et
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Emi-Miwa, M., A. Okitani, et al. (1
Page 319 and 320: Frey, U., J. Stocks, et al. (2000).
Page 321 and 322: Gershman, N. H., H. Liu, et al. (19
Page 323 and 324: Grasemann, H., E. Michler, et al. (
Page 325 and 326: Hashimoto, T., K. Minoguchi, et al.
Page 327 and 328: Holgate, S. T., D. E. Davies, et al
Page 329 and 330: Iriso, R., P. M. Mudido, et al. (20
Page 331 and 332: Jones, A. W., M. Fransson, et al. (
Page 333 and 334: Kercsmar, C. M. (2006). Wheezing in
Page 335 and 336: Kleinert, H., T. Wallerath, et al.
Page 337 and 338: Lamblin, C., P. Gosset, et al. (199
Page 339 and 340: Li, X. and J. W. Wilson (1997). "In
Page 341 and 342: Lymar, S. V. and J. K. Hurst (1996)
Page 343 and 344: Massaro, A. F., S. Mehta, et al. (1
Page 345 and 346: Miyabara, Y., R. Yanagisawa, et al.
Page 347 and 348: contribute to impaired endothelium-
Page 349 and 350: ODell, T. J., R. D. Hawkins, et al.
Page 351 and 352: Panza, J. A., C. E. Garcia, et al.
Page 353 and 354: Peters, S. P. (2006). "Safety of in
Page 355 and 356: Prieto, L., L. Bruno, et al. (2003)
Page 357 and 358: Ribbons, K. A., X. J. Zhang, et al.
Page 359 and 360: Sacco, O., R. Sale, et al. (2003).
Page 361 and 362: Sessa, W. C., K. Pritchard, et al.
Page 363 and 364: Silvestri, M., F. Sabatini, et al.
Page 365 and 366: Stamler, J. S. (1994). "Redox signa
Page 367 and 368: Stuehr, D. J., N. S. Kwon, et al. (
Page 369: Tierney, W. M., J. F. Roesner, et a
Page 373 and 374: Wadsworth, R., E. Stankevicius, et
Page 375 and 376: Williams, O., R. Y. Bhat, et al. (2
Page 377 and 378: Yates, D. H., S. A. Kharitonov, et
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