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O2- Or oH- oNoo- ONOOH PaOz PCD PCzo PDzo PEF Pmo ppb ppm PMIO redox ROC RS RSV SD SEM SGC SIGN SLE Soz TB rGFp Tnl Ts2 Ts3 TNFa TI.[FP type I (nNOS) type II (iNOS) superoxide anion ozone hydroxyl anion peroxynitrite peroxy nitrous acid pulmonary artery oxygen primary ciliary dyskinesia provocation concentration producing20vo fall in the forced expiratory volume in one second provocation dose producing 20vo fall in the forced expiratory volume in one second peak expiratory flow mouth pressure parts per billion parts per million particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10pm reduction oxidative reactions recei ver-operator curve sulphur thios Respiratory Syncytial Virus standard deviation standard error of the mean soluble guanylate cyclase Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network systemic lupus erythematosis sulphur dioxide tuberculosis transforming growth factor beta T helper lymphocyte cell type I T helper lymphocyte cell type 2 T helper lymphocyte cell type 3 tumour necrosis factor alpha tumour necrosis factor beta Type I neuronal nitric oxide synthase Type II induced nitric oxide synthase XXI
t}ryem(eNoS)Typeltrendothelialnifticoxidesynthase LrK pgnn LJMCEF USA W light V/Q 7^ United Kingdom micrograms Pre millilitre UnitedNations International Children's Fund United States of America ultraviolet light ventilation and perfusion ratio zinc xxll
Page 1 and 2: http://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz
Page 3 and 4: UNIVERSITV OF AUCKI'AND Abstract -
Page 5 and 6: There was no significant difference
Page 7 and 8: This is Dedicated: Dedication To th
Page 9 and 10: New Zealand The Paediatric Departme
Page 11 and 12: Contents Abstract ........tr Dedica
Page 13 and 14: 6.5.4 The subjects............... .
Page 15 and 16: XIV
Page 17 and 18: List of Figures Figure l.l: Top l0
Page 19 and 20: List of Abbreviations ABPA allergic
Page 21: LADA N*N* dimethyl L-arginine LFA1
Page 25 and 26: area, some of it has been expanded
Page 27 and 28: In addition, both of these groups a
Page 29 and 30: studies conducted throughout the Un
Page 31 and 32: Video clips of infants with a varie
Page 33 and 34: the Paediatric Society of New 7*ala
Page 35 and 36: inhaled anti-cholinergic agents and
Page 37 and 38: ecommended to monitor asthma at hom
Page 39 and 40: improvement to 70Vo PEF would have
Page 41 and 42: Furthermore, investigators have als
Page 43 and 44: poorer predictor of a diagnosis of
Page 45 and 46: Bronsky et al. 1998), and a long-te
Page 47 and 48: SIGN guideline (SIGN 2005) stated "
Page 49 and 50: In brief, the human airway can be d
Page 51 and 52: The ability to biopsy has led to st
Page 53 and 54: small proportion of cells recovered
Page 55 and 56: methodology of sputum induction and
Page 57 and 58: et al. 1999; Giannini, Di Franco et
Page 59 and 60: over a six month treatment prograrn
Page 61 and 62: There are other studies suggesting
Page 63 and 64: So is induced sputum in adults and
Page 65 and 66: asymptomatic patients independent o
Page 67 and 68: onchial hyper-responsiveness (Reich
Page 69 and 70: led to research which looked for le
Page 71 and 72: analyser machines. This thesis pres
Page 73 and 74:
The pollution of the 'great smog of
Page 75 and 76:
adults greater than 65 years (Ostro
Page 77 and 78:
levels compared to those children l
Page 79 and 80:
More recently 'Air Quality Indexes'
Page 81 and 82:
acetylcholine. These were known to
Page 83 and 84:
cyclase does not produce significan
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Garthwaite l99l), and the non adren
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significant complication, this trea
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locus for the enzyme is a susceptib
Page 91 and 92:
NO synthesis and in so doing blocke
Page 93 and 94:
3.1 Chapter 3: The synthesis, react
Page 95 and 96:
BHa = tetrahyrobiopterin, FAD = fla
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(Knowles, McWeeny et al. 1974) and
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more potent at low oxygen tensions
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toxic products such as isoprostanes
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 3.3: The nitric oxide syntha
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providing NO as a neurotransmitter
Page 107 and 108:
The enzyme of this second pathway -
Page 109 and 110:
inappropriate production from comme
Page 111 and 112:
Nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide
Page 113 and 114:
enzyme and are competitively revers
Page 115 and 116:
4.1 Introduction Chapter 4: Methods
Page 117 and 118:
4.4 Nitrite and nitrate The measure
Page 119 and 120:
insensitive (Braker and Mossman 197
Page 121 and 122:
A group of instruments have been de
Page 123 and 124:
The original group demonstrated tha
Page 125 and 126:
equired it. For example, there was
Page 127 and 128:
helium for 30 minutes to remove Oz.
Page 129 and 130:
(Postlethwait and Bidani 1990; Post
Page 131 and 132:
is set at 5ppm (AIHA 1966) based on
Page 133 and 134:
5.1 Chapter 5: Methodological asses
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wanted to compare the patterns of e
Page 137 and 138:
in different colours that became th
Page 139 and 140:
an advisor for this work and main s
Page 141 and 142:
Delay time: the time between turnin
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led to an increased water content t
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Chapter 6: Methodological studies o
Page 147 and 148:
pulmonary circulation appeared to c
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al found levels of 10.3ppb compared
Page 151 and 152:
Authors and Pap€r Sublect numbers
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only those measured by mouth or low
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6. Check that the pens work. Fill w
Page 157 and 158:
keys but it is currently in the mid
Page 159 and 160:
Calibration pressures: the test por
Page 161 and 162:
T-piece: tO The first figure shows
Page 163 and 164:
the rotameter. Tracings of each par
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 6.6: Mean exhaled NO levels
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NO and COz results from single exha
Page 169 and 170:
6.6.4 (iii) Comparison of exhaled n
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 6.11b: COz levels at peak NO
Page 173 and 174:
I also considered whether the diffe
Page 175 and 176:
the direct to the indirect method l
Page 177 and 178:
need for methodological experiments
Page 179 and 180:
The exhalations were carried out in
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 7.2: Example of the tracing
Page 183 and 184:
7.4.4 Results There was an increase
Page 185 and 186:
Table 7.3: NO, COz and duration of
Page 187 and 188:
The second set of exhalations invol
Page 189 and 190:
Figure 7.6: Photographs of the chan
Page 191 and 192:
Table 7.5: Exhaled NO results with
Page 193 and 194:
the NO concentrations taken pre and
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 7.10: Hyperbolic relationshi
Page 197 and 198:
pressure over the likely range enco
Page 199 and 200:
subjects with respiratory disease,
Page 201 and 202:
8.1 Chapter 8: Exhaled nitric oxide
Page 203 and 204:
standard error of the mean (SEM), s
Page 205 and 206:
T-piece sampling system to analyser
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 8.2a: Comparison of peak exh
Page 209 and 210:
if yes who? if yes who? if yes who?
Page 211 and 212:
There are limitations with regard t
Page 213 and 214:
significantly between research grou
Page 215 and 216:
controls. Kharitinov et al reported
Page 217 and 218:
direct method in asthmatic children
Page 219 and 220:
Figure 8.4a: The eftect of commenci
Page 221 and 222:
had last used her p2 agonist inhale
Page 223 and 224:
higher level of exhaled NO at 4.9pp
Page 225 and 226:
9.1 Introduction Chapter 9: Exhaled
Page 227 and 228:
For the oral measurements options i
Page 229 and 230:
Table 9.1: The recommended standard
Page 231 and 232:
taken from the available literature
Page 233 and 234:
compartment correlated with the ser
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measurement with variable expirator
Page 237 and 238:
to settle. We may have been measuri
Page 239 and 240:
9.5 Off-line measurement NO determi
Page 241 and 242:
(Hyde, Geigel et al. 1997; Tsoukias
Page 243 and 244:
9.6 Nasal nitric oxide measurement
Page 245 and 246:
measured over two 24 hour periods,
Page 247 and 248:
women who coincidently experienced
Page 249 and 250:
While these cross-sectional and the
Page 251 and 252:
symptoms. Steroid response was sign
Page 253 and 254:
'difficult asthma' also had higher
Page 255 and 256:
season and then reduced down to bas
Page 257 and 258:
of cross sectional studies with a t
Page 259 and 260:
Ciabattoni et al. 2004; Petersen, A
Page 261 and 262:
FEV9.5, symptom score and airways r
Page 263 and 264:
Indomethacin - This medication alte
Page 265 and 266:
89Vo for PCD, and above that exclud
Page 267 and 268:
This low NO occurs despite higher t
Page 269 and 270:
patients were followed through one
Page 271 and 272:
differences noted based on filter,
Page 273 and 274:
9.L6 Nitric oxide levels in exercis
Page 275 and 276:
another study of 111 school childre
Page 277 and 278:
Almost all studies used sedation, w
Page 279 and 280:
peak exhaled NO production in the f
Page 281 and 282:
flow and to minimize nasal contamin
Page 283 and 284:
ecruit blood vessels in the lung. S
Page 285 and 286:
Chapter 10: Reflections The outcome
Page 287 and 288:
and I enrolled 52 asthmatic childre
Page 289 and 290:
Edwards EA, Douglas C, Broome S, Je
Page 291 and 292:
o Cass Byrnes & Nicky Holt. "Drugs
Page 293 and 294:
o Byrnes CA. Paediatric fibreoptic
Page 295 and 296:
Appendix 2: Questionnaire for enrol
Page 297 and 298:
Al-Ali, M. K. and P. H. Howarth (20
Page 299 and 300:
Archer, S. L., P. J. Shultz, et al.
Page 301 and 302:
Baraldi, E., N. M. Azzolin, et al.
Page 303 and 304:
Belda, J., P. Hussack, et al. (2001
Page 305 and 306:
Bongers, T. and B. R. ODriscoll (20
Page 307 and 308:
Brown, G. C. and C. E. Cooper (1994
Page 309 and 310:
Castro-Rodriguez, J. A., C. J. Holb
Page 311 and 312:
Cockcroft, D. W., D. N. Killian, et
Page 313 and 314:
de Blic, J., V. Marchac, et al. (20
Page 315 and 316:
Donaldson, S. H., W. D. Bennett, et
Page 317 and 318:
Emi-Miwa, M., A. Okitani, et al. (1
Page 319 and 320:
Frey, U., J. Stocks, et al. (2000).
Page 321 and 322:
Gershman, N. H., H. Liu, et al. (19
Page 323 and 324:
Grasemann, H., E. Michler, et al. (
Page 325 and 326:
Hashimoto, T., K. Minoguchi, et al.
Page 327 and 328:
Holgate, S. T., D. E. Davies, et al
Page 329 and 330:
Iriso, R., P. M. Mudido, et al. (20
Page 331 and 332:
Jones, A. W., M. Fransson, et al. (
Page 333 and 334:
Kercsmar, C. M. (2006). Wheezing in
Page 335 and 336:
Kleinert, H., T. Wallerath, et al.
Page 337 and 338:
Lamblin, C., P. Gosset, et al. (199
Page 339 and 340:
Li, X. and J. W. Wilson (1997). "In
Page 341 and 342:
Lymar, S. V. and J. K. Hurst (1996)
Page 343 and 344:
Massaro, A. F., S. Mehta, et al. (1
Page 345 and 346:
Miyabara, Y., R. Yanagisawa, et al.
Page 347 and 348:
contribute to impaired endothelium-
Page 349 and 350:
ODell, T. J., R. D. Hawkins, et al.
Page 351 and 352:
Panza, J. A., C. E. Garcia, et al.
Page 353 and 354:
Peters, S. P. (2006). "Safety of in
Page 355 and 356:
Prieto, L., L. Bruno, et al. (2003)
Page 357 and 358:
Ribbons, K. A., X. J. Zhang, et al.
Page 359 and 360:
Sacco, O., R. Sale, et al. (2003).
Page 361 and 362:
Sessa, W. C., K. Pritchard, et al.
Page 363 and 364:
Silvestri, M., F. Sabatini, et al.
Page 365 and 366:
Stamler, J. S. (1994). "Redox signa
Page 367 and 368:
Stuehr, D. J., N. S. Kwon, et al. (
Page 369 and 370:
Tierney, W. M., J. F. Roesner, et a
Page 371 and 372:
Upchurch, G. R., G. N. Welch, et al
Page 373 and 374:
Wadsworth, R., E. Stankevicius, et
Page 375 and 376:
Williams, O., R. Y. Bhat, et al. (2
Page 377 and 378:
Yates, D. H., S. A. Kharitonov, et
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