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Vasquez-Vivar, J., B. Kalyanaraman, et al. (1998). "Superoxide generation by endothelial nitric oxide synthase: the influence of cofactors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95(16): 9220-5. Venge, P. (1995). "Monitoring of asthma inflammation by serum measurements of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). A new clinical approach to asthma management." Respiratory Medicine 89(1): l-2. Verberne, A. A., C. Frost, et al. (1997). "One year treatment with salmeterol compared with beclomethasone in children with asthma. The Dutch Paediatric Asthma Study Group." American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 156(3 Pt 1): 688-95. Verdon, C. P., B. A. Burton, et al. (1995). "Sample pretreatment with nitrate reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase quantitatively reduces nitrate while avoiding interference by NADP+ when the Griess reaction is used to assay for nitrite." Analytical Biochemistry 224(2): 502-8. Verges, S., P. Flore, et al. (2005). "Exhaled nitric oxide during normoxic and hypoxic exercise in endurance athletes." Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 185(2): 123-3L. Verleden, G. M., L. J. Dupont, et al. (1999). "The effect of cigarette smoking on exhaled nitric oxide in mild steroid-naive asthmatics." @! 116(l): 59-64. Verscheldeil, P., A. Cartier, et al. (1996). "Compliance with and accuracy of daily selfassessment of peak expiratory flows (PEF) in asthmatic subjects over a three month period. " European Respiratory-.,Journal 9(5): 880-5. Viereck, R. A., E. Murad, et al. (1991). "Origin of the Shuttle Glow." Nature 354(7 November):48 - 50. Vila-Indurain, B., F. Munoz-Lopez, et al. (1999). "Evaluation of blood eosinophilia and the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in the serum of asthmatic children with varying degree of severity." Allergologia et Immunopathologia 27(6):304-8. Virchow, J. C., Jr., C. Walker, et al. (1995). "T cells and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after segmental allergen provocation in atopic asthma." American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 151(a): 960-8. Visser, M. J., M. C. de Wit, et al. (2000). "Exhaled nitric oxide in children measured by tidal breathing method: differences between asthmatics and nonasthmatic controls." Pediatric Pulmonology 29(6): 434-7 . Viswanathan, M., V. J. King, et al. (2003). Management of Bronchiolitis in Infants and Children. C. C. J. Slutsky. Roakville, Maryland, USA., Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and human Services. 2lO2 East Jefferson Street. Rockville, l,tD 20852.: Evidence report/Technology Assessment. Number 69, pages l-249. Vlachos-Mayer, H., R. I*igh, et al. (2000). "Success and safety of sputum induction in the clinical setting." European Respiratory Journal 16(5): 997-1000. Vodovotz, Y., C. Bogdan, et al. (1993). "Mechanisms of suppression of macrophage nitric oxide release by transforming growth factor beta." Journal of Experimental Medicine 178(2):605-13. Vodovotz, Y., M. S. Lucia, et al. (1996). "Inducible nitric oxide synthase in tangle-bearing neurons of patients with Alzheimer's disease." Journal of Experimental Medicine 184(4): 1425-33. Vogel, A. M., D. R. knnon, et al. (2003). "Variations in bronchiolitis management between five New T.rualand hospitals: can we do better?" Journal of Paediatrics & Child Health 39(1): a0-5. von Mutius, E. (2001). "Paediatric origins of adult lung disease." @ 56(2): 153-7. von Mutius, E., D. L. Sherrill, et al. (1995). "Air pollution and upper respiratory symptoms in children from East Germany." European Respiratory Journal 8(5): 723-8. Vrugt, B., S. Wilson, et al. (1999). "Mucosal inflammation in severe glucocorticoiddependent asthma." European Respiratory Journal 13(6): 1245-52. 349
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UNIVERSITV OF AUCKI'AND Abstract -
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There was no significant difference
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This is Dedicated: Dedication To th
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New Zealand The Paediatric Departme
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Contents Abstract ........tr Dedica
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6.5.4 The subjects............... .
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XIV
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List of Figures Figure l.l: Top l0
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List of Abbreviations ABPA allergic
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LADA N*N* dimethyl L-arginine LFA1
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t}ryem(eNoS)Typeltrendothelialnifti
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area, some of it has been expanded
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In addition, both of these groups a
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studies conducted throughout the Un
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Video clips of infants with a varie
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the Paediatric Society of New 7*ala
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inhaled anti-cholinergic agents and
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ecommended to monitor asthma at hom
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improvement to 70Vo PEF would have
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Furthermore, investigators have als
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poorer predictor of a diagnosis of
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Bronsky et al. 1998), and a long-te
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SIGN guideline (SIGN 2005) stated "
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In brief, the human airway can be d
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The ability to biopsy has led to st
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small proportion of cells recovered
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methodology of sputum induction and
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et al. 1999; Giannini, Di Franco et
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over a six month treatment prograrn
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There are other studies suggesting
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So is induced sputum in adults and
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asymptomatic patients independent o
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onchial hyper-responsiveness (Reich
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led to research which looked for le
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analyser machines. This thesis pres
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The pollution of the 'great smog of
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adults greater than 65 years (Ostro
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levels compared to those children l
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More recently 'Air Quality Indexes'
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acetylcholine. These were known to
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cyclase does not produce significan
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Garthwaite l99l), and the non adren
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significant complication, this trea
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locus for the enzyme is a susceptib
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NO synthesis and in so doing blocke
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3.1 Chapter 3: The synthesis, react
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BHa = tetrahyrobiopterin, FAD = fla
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(Knowles, McWeeny et al. 1974) and
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more potent at low oxygen tensions
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toxic products such as isoprostanes
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Figure 3.3: The nitric oxide syntha
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providing NO as a neurotransmitter
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The enzyme of this second pathway -
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inappropriate production from comme
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Nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide
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enzyme and are competitively revers
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4.1 Introduction Chapter 4: Methods
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4.4 Nitrite and nitrate The measure
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insensitive (Braker and Mossman 197
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A group of instruments have been de
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The original group demonstrated tha
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equired it. For example, there was
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helium for 30 minutes to remove Oz.
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(Postlethwait and Bidani 1990; Post
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is set at 5ppm (AIHA 1966) based on
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5.1 Chapter 5: Methodological asses
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wanted to compare the patterns of e
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in different colours that became th
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an advisor for this work and main s
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Delay time: the time between turnin
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led to an increased water content t
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Chapter 6: Methodological studies o
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pulmonary circulation appeared to c
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al found levels of 10.3ppb compared
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Authors and Pap€r Sublect numbers
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only those measured by mouth or low
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6. Check that the pens work. Fill w
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keys but it is currently in the mid
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Calibration pressures: the test por
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T-piece: tO The first figure shows
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the rotameter. Tracings of each par
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Figure 6.6: Mean exhaled NO levels
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NO and COz results from single exha
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6.6.4 (iii) Comparison of exhaled n
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Figure 6.11b: COz levels at peak NO
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I also considered whether the diffe
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the direct to the indirect method l
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need for methodological experiments
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The exhalations were carried out in
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Figure 7.2: Example of the tracing
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7.4.4 Results There was an increase
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Table 7.3: NO, COz and duration of
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The second set of exhalations invol
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Figure 7.6: Photographs of the chan
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Table 7.5: Exhaled NO results with
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the NO concentrations taken pre and
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Figure 7.10: Hyperbolic relationshi
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pressure over the likely range enco
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subjects with respiratory disease,
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8.1 Chapter 8: Exhaled nitric oxide
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standard error of the mean (SEM), s
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T-piece sampling system to analyser
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Figure 8.2a: Comparison of peak exh
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if yes who? if yes who? if yes who?
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There are limitations with regard t
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significantly between research grou
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controls. Kharitinov et al reported
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direct method in asthmatic children
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Figure 8.4a: The eftect of commenci
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had last used her p2 agonist inhale
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higher level of exhaled NO at 4.9pp
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9.1 Introduction Chapter 9: Exhaled
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For the oral measurements options i
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Table 9.1: The recommended standard
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taken from the available literature
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compartment correlated with the ser
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measurement with variable expirator
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to settle. We may have been measuri
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9.5 Off-line measurement NO determi
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(Hyde, Geigel et al. 1997; Tsoukias
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9.6 Nasal nitric oxide measurement
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measured over two 24 hour periods,
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women who coincidently experienced
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While these cross-sectional and the
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symptoms. Steroid response was sign
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'difficult asthma' also had higher
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season and then reduced down to bas
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of cross sectional studies with a t
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Ciabattoni et al. 2004; Petersen, A
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FEV9.5, symptom score and airways r
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Indomethacin - This medication alte
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89Vo for PCD, and above that exclud
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This low NO occurs despite higher t
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patients were followed through one
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differences noted based on filter,
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9.L6 Nitric oxide levels in exercis
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another study of 111 school childre
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Almost all studies used sedation, w
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peak exhaled NO production in the f
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flow and to minimize nasal contamin
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ecruit blood vessels in the lung. S
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Chapter 10: Reflections The outcome
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and I enrolled 52 asthmatic childre
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Edwards EA, Douglas C, Broome S, Je
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o Cass Byrnes & Nicky Holt. "Drugs
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o Byrnes CA. Paediatric fibreoptic
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Appendix 2: Questionnaire for enrol
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Al-Ali, M. K. and P. H. Howarth (20
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Archer, S. L., P. J. Shultz, et al.
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Baraldi, E., N. M. Azzolin, et al.
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Belda, J., P. Hussack, et al. (2001
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Bongers, T. and B. R. ODriscoll (20
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Brown, G. C. and C. E. Cooper (1994
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Castro-Rodriguez, J. A., C. J. Holb
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Cockcroft, D. W., D. N. Killian, et
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de Blic, J., V. Marchac, et al. (20
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Donaldson, S. H., W. D. Bennett, et
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Emi-Miwa, M., A. Okitani, et al. (1
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Frey, U., J. Stocks, et al. (2000).
Page 321 and 322: Gershman, N. H., H. Liu, et al. (19
Page 323 and 324: Grasemann, H., E. Michler, et al. (
Page 325 and 326: Hashimoto, T., K. Minoguchi, et al.
Page 327 and 328: Holgate, S. T., D. E. Davies, et al
Page 329 and 330: Iriso, R., P. M. Mudido, et al. (20
Page 331 and 332: Jones, A. W., M. Fransson, et al. (
Page 333 and 334: Kercsmar, C. M. (2006). Wheezing in
Page 335 and 336: Kleinert, H., T. Wallerath, et al.
Page 337 and 338: Lamblin, C., P. Gosset, et al. (199
Page 339 and 340: Li, X. and J. W. Wilson (1997). "In
Page 341 and 342: Lymar, S. V. and J. K. Hurst (1996)
Page 343 and 344: Massaro, A. F., S. Mehta, et al. (1
Page 345 and 346: Miyabara, Y., R. Yanagisawa, et al.
Page 347 and 348: contribute to impaired endothelium-
Page 349 and 350: ODell, T. J., R. D. Hawkins, et al.
Page 351 and 352: Panza, J. A., C. E. Garcia, et al.
Page 353 and 354: Peters, S. P. (2006). "Safety of in
Page 355 and 356: Prieto, L., L. Bruno, et al. (2003)
Page 357 and 358: Ribbons, K. A., X. J. Zhang, et al.
Page 359 and 360: Sacco, O., R. Sale, et al. (2003).
Page 361 and 362: Sessa, W. C., K. Pritchard, et al.
Page 363 and 364: Silvestri, M., F. Sabatini, et al.
Page 365 and 366: Stamler, J. S. (1994). "Redox signa
Page 367 and 368: Stuehr, D. J., N. S. Kwon, et al. (
Page 369 and 370: Tierney, W. M., J. F. Roesner, et a
Page 371: Upchurch, G. R., G. N. Welch, et al
Page 375 and 376: Williams, O., R. Y. Bhat, et al. (2
Page 377 and 378: Yates, D. H., S. A. Kharitonov, et
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