Catalog of species-group names of Recent and fossil Scaphopoda ...

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Steiner G. & Kabat A. R.species. The entries are alphabetically ordered bytheir original binomen following the scheme:species, original genus Author, year: page. Stratigraphyof type locality. Type locality [translatedinto English and/or modern equivalent as needed].Depository of type material. Synonymy.Current taxonomic status (reference if differentfrom original combination). Geographic distribution.Bathymetric range. Remarks.Names of valid Recent species are in boldface.Names of the 816 valid fossil species-groupnames are preceded by a dagger (†) symbol. Thesynonymies given are based upon publisheddeterminations. Where contradictory opinionshave been published, one is given preference andthe alternative is noted in the Remarks.Synonymies, current status and distribution aregiven only for a few fossil taxa. Synonymies donot include misidentifications, as their completelisting is beyond the scope of this paper. We havenot attempted to resolve all transfers of syntypesand paratypes subsequent to the original descriptions,a problem caused by the fact that suchtypes were sometimes split off from the originallots long after the original descriptions (especiallyat the museums of the United States of America);thus, types are often located in depositories notcited in the original publication. Additionalinformation such as modern locality names,depths in m, references cited by Linnaeus andGmelin, etc., is given in square brackets. Boss(1988) provided full references for the oftencrypticabbreviations used by Linnaeus (1758,1767) and many of those used by Gmelin(1791). Current generic assignments are tentativefor many species due to the lack of anatomicaldata needed to distinguish certain genera.The generic assignments of Recent species thathave not been recently studied were based uponthe generic diagnoses in Scarabino (1995). Informationon bathymetric ranges can be problematic,since published records do not alwaysdifferentiate between live-collected specimensand empty shells, the latter of which can betransported to deeper depths before beingdredged. Hence, researchers interested in determiningthe bathymetric range for a given speciesare advised to examine the relevant specimens inmuseum collections to ascertain their taphonomicstatus.For the sake of completeness, we have includedincorrect subsequent spellings in this catalog.They refer to the corresponding valid name.Although these are not available names (ICZN1999: article 33.3), their inclusion herein willreadily allow future generations of researcherswho find these names in the older literature todetermine their status from this catalog.Table 1 lists the abbreviations of type specimendepositories taken from Kabat & Boss (1992:188-232), with some additions. The currentdepositories of type material were, in some cases,difficult to determine. Information was obtainedfrom the original descriptions, from catalogs oftype specimens, on-line searches in museumdatabases, correspondence with curators, andfrom visits to The Natural History Museum(London), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle(Paris), and the National Museum of NaturalHistory (Washington, D.C.). The most importantlists of types of Recent scaphopod species,among others listed by Kabat & Boss (1992: 243;1997: 354), are Turner (1955), Palmer (1958),Dance (1967), Zeidler & Macphail (1978), Giles& Gosliner (1983), Oliver (1984), Scott et al.(1990), Spamer & Bogan (1992), Wallin (1992),Kilias (1995), and Boyko & Sage (1996). Otherimportant sources of information on types offossil scaphopod species are Newton (1891),Beecher (1900), Maury (1917), Rossi Ronchetti(1955), Flügel (1959), Ludbrook (1959), Brann& Kent (1960), Hanzawa et al. (1961), Keyes(1972), Ferrero Mortara et al. (1984), and White(1998). It was not always possible to obtain informationon the current status of type material (i.e.if a lectotype had been designated) for severaltaxa. If the original publication and any relevantsubsequent publications, or correspondence withmuseum curators, did not yield information onthe status of type specimens, then the entry reads“Type material in [museum]” without greaterspecificity Due to the relocation and re-catalogingof the Mollusca collection in the NationalMuseum of Natural History (Washington,554ZOOSYSTEMA • 2004 • 26 (4)
Species-group names of Scaphopoda (Mollusca)TABLE 2. — Number of species-group names of Recent and fossil Scaphopoda for the most prolific authors, including originaldescriptions and replacement names. *, including co-authored species names.Recent Fossil TotalAuthor No. Author No. Author No.Henderson 51 Sacco 67 Pilsbry* 99Scarabino 47 Pilsbry* 54 Sacco 67Lamprell & Healy 46 Cossmann* 42 Henderson 51Locard 45 Deshayes 29 Dall 49Pilsbry* 45 Meyer* 20 Scarabino 47Boissevain 39 Martin 19 Lamprell & Healy 46Dall 37 Gardner 18 Locard 45Watson 31 Tate 18 Cossmann* 45Sowerby* 30 Koenen 16Habe* 19 Chenu 14Jeffreys 19 Palmer C. P. 13Plate 17 Dall 12Chistikov 14 D’Orbigny 12Janssen R. 11D.C.), paratype catalog numbers for severalspecies (especially of Henderson’s types, whichsometimes shared catalog numbers with otherlots) are not available at present.Boissevain (1906), in her monograph on theSiboga Expedition scaphopods, introduced39 species-level names of Scaphopoda. Unfortunately,this monograph had a number of typographicalerrors regarding the numbers ofspecimens and dredging station numbers forsome of the type material; furthermore, some lectotypedesignations by subsequent authors havenot always clearly identified the precise specimenthat was to be the lectotype. Robert Moolenbeekand A. N. Van der Bijl (ZMA) have thoroughlyreviewed the Siboga type material andBoissevain’s annotated copy of her monograph.Based upon this review, they have carefully reconciledthe discrepancies in this monograph andin the subsequent literature regarding the typematerial. We have incorporated their correctionsinto our catalog.A comparison of the most prolific authors ofRecent species (Table 2) shows that Hendersonintroduced 52 new names; Scarabino 47 names;Lamprell & Healy 46 names; Locard and Pilsbry45 names each; Boissevain introduced 39 namesof Recent species-group taxa. Sacco coined 67fossil species-group names; Pilsbry and his coauthors54 names; Cossmann and his co-authors42 names.Determining the correct locations of type depositories,synonyms and validity of Recent taxa havereceived considerably greater attention than offossil taxa, primarily because of the neontologicalbackground and interests of the first author. Forthe same reason, stratigraphic ranges of fossilspecies are not provided, beyond the informationin the original description.The taxonomic research activity in Scaphopoda,measured in names introduced per decade, variedconsiderably through time (Fig. 1). After lownumbers of species described during the late 18thand early 19th centuries, first the number ofnewly described fossil species increased in thewake of prospecting and mining activities in thecourse of the industrial revolution. With theonset of ocean floor sampling expeditions, thenumbers of described Recent species followedsuit. The 1890s feature the unique peak inscaphopod research with over 280 newly introducednames, most of which originated in thepublications of Pilsbry, Locard, Sacco, andCossmann. The decline in research activity in the20th century is most conspicuous in the decadesof World Wars I and II. Taxonomic activityrebounded in the second half of the past centuryand peaked in its final decade mainly due to theZOOSYSTEMA • 2004 • 26 (4)555
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