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. Forms of the verb used in the subordinate clausei. Referring to present or future timeIn a sentence containing a false or improbable condition, if the subordinate clauserefers to present or future time, the Simple Past Subjunctive is usually used. In thefollowing examples, the verbs in the Simple Past Subjunctive are underlined.e.g. If it snowed, I would ski in the park.If he were here, I would give him the books.In these examples, the use of the Simple Past Subjunctive indicates that thesubordinate clauses if it snowed and if he were here refer to present or future time.In the case of a continuous, ongoing action, the Past Continuous Subj unctive may beused. In the following example, the verb in the Past Continuous Subj unctive isunderlined.If she were stayi ng here now, I would let her ride my horse.See Exercise 10.It should be noted that, in the case of the verb to be, in informal English, the SimplePast Indicative is often used instead of the Simple Past Subjunctive. For instance, thefollowing pair of examples shows how the same idea might be expressed in formal andinformal English.Formal: If he were here now, I would give him the books.Informal: If he was here now, I would give him the books.It should be observed that, even when the Indicative is used instead of the Subjunctive,the use of a past tense for an action pertaining to present time, combined with the useof the conjugation with would in the main clause, is enough to indicate clearly that thecondition expressed is considered false or improbable. However, this use of was insteadof were is considered grammatically incorrect in formal English.ii. Referring to past timeIn a sentence containing a false or improbable condition, if the subordinate clauserefers to past time, the Past Perfect Subjunctive is usually used. In the followingexample, the verb in the Past Perfect Subjunctive is underlined.e.g. If he had wanted to come, he would have called us.In this example, the use of the Past Perfect Subjunctive indicates that the subordinateclause if he had wanted to come refers to past time. The use of the Past PerfectSubjunctive also indicates that the condition he had wanted to come is false.In the case of a continuous, ongoing action, the Past Perfect Continuous Subjunctivemay be used. In the following example, the verb in the Past Perfect ContinuousSubjunctive is underlined.e.g. If it had been raining yesterday, I would have taken my umbrella.See Exercise 11.
iii. SummaryThe forms of the Subjunctive most commonly used in subordinate clauses expressingfalse or improbable conditions are summarized in the followi ng table.Referring ToPresent orfuture timePast timeVerb in Subordinate ClauseSimple Past Subjunctiveor Past Continuous Subjunctivee.g. If you started now, you would arrive on time.Past Perfect Subjunctiveor Past Perfect Continuous Subjunctivee.g. If you had started yesterday, you would have arrived on time.See Exercise 12.c. Changing a statement containing a probable condition into a statement containingan improbable conditionA statement containing a probable condition can be changed into a statementcontaining an improbable condition, by changing the forms of the verbs.For instance, in each of the following pairs of examples, the first statement contains aprobable condition; whereas the second statement contains an improbable condition.The verbs in the subordinate clauses and main clauses are underlined.Probable: If he is here now, we will gi ve him the book.Improbable: If he were here now, we would gi ve him the book.Probable: If I have time tonight, I will help you with your homework.Improbable: If I had time tonight, I would help you with your homework.In these examples, he is here now and I have time tonight express probableconditions; whereas he were here now and I had time tonight express improbableconditions.These examples illustrate how, when referring to non· continuous actions in present orfuture time, a statement containing a probable condition can be changed into astatement containing an improbable condition. The verb in the subordinate clause ischanged from the Simple Present Indicative to the Simple Past Subjunctive; and theverb in the main clause is changed from the Simple Future to the Simple conjugationwith would.See Exercise 13.It is sometimes said that when a verb is in the Indicative Mood, the use of a past tenseindicates remoteness in terms of time; however, when a verb is in the SubjunctiveMood, the use of a past tense indicates remoteness in terms of probability.
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English GrammarENGLISH GRAMMAR: EXP
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a. Questionsb. Negative statementsc
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a. The Simple Present indicativeb.
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5. The use of some and any6. The us
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3. Interrogative adverbsExercisesCH
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THE USES AND FORMATION OF THE ENGLI
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**** The other modal auxiliaries co
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she showit showwe showthey showshe
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Past PerfectI had beenyou had beenh
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we have been beingthey have been be
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hit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt
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It should be kept in mind that many
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subject you, whether you refers to
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They are awake.They are awake, aren
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12. not, you, late13. it, not, ?, i
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When a verb ends in y immediately p
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Auxiliaries are verbs which are com
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6. He ____ the office every day. (t
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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a. Verbs ending in a silent eWhen a
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When a verb of more than one syllab
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not is placed after the subject. Ho
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It _____. (to rain)It is raining.1.
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They are being cautious, aren't the
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2. Formation of the present perfect
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stress. In the following examples,
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tense is the same for an irregular
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The use of the Present Perfect Cont
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2. Rewrite the following sentences,
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1. We _______ lunch. (to eat)2. 1 _
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1. has apologized 2. have stirred 3
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was notwere notwasn'tweren'tIn orde
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See Exercise 5.In order to change a
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Were you not on ti me?Weren't you o
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contractions and the forms with con
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form, as well as other modal forms.
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tag questions are underlined. Contr
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In the preceding examples, the verb
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Page 86 and 87: 13. You did not ________ my letter.
Page 88 and 89: 8. He was right. 9. She does unders
Page 90 and 91: will notwon'tThe contracted form of
Page 92 and 93: It should also be noted that the Pa
Page 94 and 95: they will have workedSee Exercise 9
Page 96 and 97: Tag questions are formed using the
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Page 100 and 101: We will pass the exam.You _____ the
Page 102 and 103: 9. Using either the auxiliary shall
Page 104 and 105: 1. She_______________to help us. (t
Page 106 and 107: solved 9. shall have received or wi
Page 108 and 109: Negative Statement:Negative Questio
Page 110 and 111: They would not have worked.Negative
Page 112 and 113: The following table summarizes the
Page 114 and 115: 3. I ________ everything carefully.
Page 116 and 117: 7. He ___ not _______ it to your ol
Page 118 and 119: Would she have been preparing for t
Page 120 and 121: 1. Would he have been listening to
Page 122 and 123: they werethey wereFor any verb, the
Page 124 and 125: we had workedthey had workedwe had
Page 126 and 127: In each of these examples, the use
Page 128 and 129: See Exercise 6.As well as being exp
Page 132 and 133: 6. The imperative moodThe Imperativ
Page 134 and 135: Does she wish it would snow?You wil
Page 136 and 137: ___ shenot _____ if she had seen us
Page 138 and 139: emind)3. ___ I ____ earlier. I woul
Page 140 and 141: 1. would, have begun 2. would, have
Page 142 and 143: See Exercise 1 .b. Negative stateme
Page 144 and 145: The most important meaning of can a
Page 146 and 147: 5. ShouldIn British English, the Si
Page 148 and 149: For the Simple Present and the Simp
Page 150 and 151: Without Ellipsis: He wrote a letter
Page 152 and 153: 8. We shall visit our friends.9. Sh
Page 154 and 155: 7. Had a flying saucer landed on th
Page 156 and 157: 8. They could help us.9. I won the
Page 158 and 159: He is not angry, and neither are we
Page 160 and 161: 1. Yes, we do. 2. Yes, they may. 3.
Page 162 and 163: See Exercise 2.b. To Raise and To R
Page 164 and 165: She said something to her teacher.T
Page 166 and 167: Now they _____ the table.Now they a
Page 168 and 169: Answers to Exercise 1 :1. birds 2.
Page 170 and 171: they have beenPresent Perfect Conti
Page 172 and 173: Simple FutureFuture Continuous··F
Page 174 and 175: Perfect, with would I would have sh
Page 176 and 177: A similar example is:Active: The po
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Was he not being flown to Boston?Pa
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4. It is crucial that we ______ of
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2. Countable nounsCountable nouns a
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c. Plurals of proper nounsProper no
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used for scientific purposes, form
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2. The train has left.3. The bird w
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The reef attracts tourists.The reef
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opened. 7. The newspapers are read
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a long u, since these words are pro
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a. Referring to something mentioned
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I had never visited Seretnay Park b
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A musician must practise a great de
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UseA weakened form of OneNaming a p
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a pair of pliersa pair of scissorsW
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6. Fill in each blank with the or l
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1. Schooners are ships. 2. Mallards
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eferred to have not been mentioned
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This afternoon we baked two cakes.I
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In the first example, the skiing co
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1. __2. __3. __4. __air is made up
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6. You should practise _____ the sp
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that the house belongs to the Smith
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e.g. Our vice· president and treas
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2. the policemen's warning3. the di
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16. Either plates or saucers ___ su
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Third Person he, she, it theyThus,
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In the first example, they stands f
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When a personal pronoun is the subj
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The tree has lost two of its branch
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which agrees with singular antecede
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2. My father told my uncle the stor
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1. She helped us.2. He asked them t
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10. You and I are good friends, ___
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Although they do not know it yet, t
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1. Your 2. Their 3. His 4. My 5. He
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Case Case Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
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4. Interrogative pronounsInterrogat
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When used as adjectives or as inter
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verb or preposition, or modifies th
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You asked which boy did it.She want
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pronoun, which can refer to either
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antecedents. When used as a relativ
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Is this ready?Are these ready?This
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3. is at the door?4. ____ was award
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11. Using the introductory phrase W
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12. The townspeople, ____ pride in
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Please tell me whose house they vis
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most plural eN most trees nearly al
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few plural eN few of the trees a sm
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A sentence which contains the word
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e.g. We each have our own ideas.In
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e.g. I bought no potatoes.We will c
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The only trees were somewhat damage
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described in the main clauseSheThe
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All of the dogs pricked up their ea
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16. Some books are missing.17. I ha
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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EnglandFranceChinaEnglishFrenchChin
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In a somewhat similar way, the dete
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e.g. clear, cold watercold, hard ic
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material is used as a type of defin
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following adjective unpredictable t
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However, when a defining adjective
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adjectives are usually separated fr
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4. Interpolated adjectivesAs well a
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Disconcerted by the news, we headed
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In the first example, will be close
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Answers5. Place the adjectives give
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At one end of the large old rectang
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7. the performers (ready)8. the cli
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Incorrect: Following in his footste
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flower pot 12. a warm, damp white f
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as a predicate adjective, preceded
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e.g. He is as tall as his brother.I
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latelaterWhen an adjective ends in
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KateSteelHeisishasaaabraverstronger
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two consonants (other than y)y prec
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In this example, Alan is being comp
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1. We are as proud as ______. (they
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7. Sara and Barbara (age)8. Sara an
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9. The ______ temperature on record
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Rupert is as able an administrator
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and a few other two· syllableadjec
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For adjectives which form the compa
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with plural countable nouns, and li
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Yesterday he drankThe game requires
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e.g. Her bicycleThe resultHis timet
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example, those is used to replace t
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Answers6. Rewrite each of the follo
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1. Penny and Alex (money)2. Chris a
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2. The taxes in Singapore are lower
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Answers to Exercise 11:1. We had mo
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athersotooveryIn addition, the word
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It should be noted that the adverbs
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Adverb phrases and clauses of manne
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He left his bicycle in the driveway
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word, in clauses indicating the exi
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Scarcely had we left the house, whe
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11. They follow the news. (rarely)1
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11. She went. (by bus, downtown, to
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Tell me where you have been.Where h
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1. He needs no advice. or He does n
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v. Adjectives ending in yWhen the a
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uglyWhen it is desired to use one o
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However, there are several verbs wh
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littlemuchwelllessmorebetterleastmo
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We visited them less and less frequ
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14. She was signaling ______. (fran
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We tasted the soup ______. (suspici
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The more you study, the ___ you wil
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In the first example, the noun corn
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1. Lower than; under: below freezin
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Of1. Location: east of here; the mi
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Underneath1. Below, under: undernea
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y degrees: graduallyperform by ear:
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(opposite of in theory)in print: (o
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on time: at the correct timewalk on
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Againsttake precautions againstForh
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Betweentorn betweenByaccompanied by
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5. Verbs followed by prepositionsTh
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agree withcollaborate withcommunica
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are quite intelligent.11. Since he
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14. Are you aware ___ the risks inv
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to run intoto put offto look up tot
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prey on : hunt and eat; disturbprov
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The following are examples of phras
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The following are examples of trans
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think up: inventtrack down: search
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The following are examples of expre
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followed by a preposition, and a ph
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frown ongrow onhinge onlive onpick
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pass around: distributeshow around:
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a. Expressions in which the verb ha
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2. He usually sleeps after lunch. (
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1. The car slipped off the road . _
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11. The problem urgently requires a
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He neither finished his homework no
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1. later in time: After the train l
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in spite of thisat the time whenin
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accordingly: soalso: in additionbes
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pairs given in brackets. For exampl
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10. Her eyes shone ______ stars. (a
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Answers8. The following sentences a
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Adjectives, comparative form follow
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Apostrophe, use ofappearAppositiona
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consequently, used as connecting ad
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from, used after certain verbsfrom,
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Inverted word order, used with verb
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near and nearlynear, use ofNegative
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Participles, danglingParticiples us
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Pronouns, reflexivePronouns, relati
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Spelling rules for adding ed to for
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thisthosethouthough, used as subord
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we'rewe'vewell, use ofwerewere, use
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