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2. Formation of the present perfect: Regular verbsThe Present Perfect tense of any English verb is formed from the Simple Present of theauxiliary to have, followed by what is generally referred to as the past participle of theverb.Most English verbs form the past participle in a regular, predictable manner. Theseverbs are commonly referred to as regular verbs.The past participle of a regular English verb is formed by adding the ending ed to thebare infinitive of the verb. For instance, the past participle of the verb to work isworked .Thus, the Present Perfect tense of the verb to work is conjugated as follows:I have workedyou have workedhe has workedshe has workedit has workedwe have workedthey have workedSee Exercise 1 .The following contractions are often used in spoken English:Without ContractionsI haveyou havehe hasshe hasit haswe havethey haveWith Contractionsrveyou"vehe·sshe·sit"swe"vethey"veIt should be noted that the contractions for he has, she has and it has are the same asthe contractions for he is, she is and it is.See Exercise 2 .3. Spelling rules for adding ed to form the past participleSome regular verbs change their spelling when the ending ed is added to form the pastparticiple.
a. Verbs ending in a silent eWhen a regular verb ends in a silent e, only the letter d must be added in order to formthe past participle. For example:Infinitiveto closeto moveto pleasto receivePast Participleclosedmovedpleasedreceivedb. Verbs ending in yWhen a regular verb ends in y immediately preceded by a consonant, the y is changedto i before the ending ed is added. For example:Infinitiveto stugyto relyto carryPast ParticiplestudiedreliedcarriedHowever, when a regular verb ends in y immediately preceded by a vowel, the y is notchanged before the ending ed is added. For example:Infinitiveto pl.9.Yto convyto enjQYPast ParticipleplayedconveyedenjoyedSee Exercise 3.c. Verbs ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowelThe rules concerning the doubling of final consonants which apply when adding theending ing to form the present participle also apply when adding the ending ed to formthe past participle.Thus, when a one·syllable verb ends in a single consonant other than w, x or yimmediately preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant must be doubled beforethe ending ed is added to form the past participle. In the following examples, theconsonants which have been doubled are underlined. For example:Infinitiveto rubto trimto planto stopPast ParticiplerubbedtrimmedplannedstoQQedWhen a verb of more than one syllable ends in a single consonant other than w, x or yimmediately preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled before theending ed only when the last syllable of the verb is pronounced with the heaviest
Page 2 and 3: English GrammarENGLISH GRAMMAR: EXP
Page 4 and 5: a. Questionsb. Negative statementsc
Page 6: a. The Simple Present indicativeb.
Page 9 and 10: 5. The use of some and any6. The us
Page 11 and 12: 3. Interrogative adverbsExercisesCH
Page 13 and 14: THE USES AND FORMATION OF THE ENGLI
Page 15 and 16: **** The other modal auxiliaries co
Page 17 and 18: she showit showwe showthey showshe
Page 19 and 20: Past PerfectI had beenyou had beenh
Page 21 and 22: we have been beingthey have been be
Page 23 and 24: hit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt
Page 25 and 26: It should be kept in mind that many
Page 27 and 28: subject you, whether you refers to
Page 29 and 30: They are awake.They are awake, aren
Page 31 and 32: 12. not, you, late13. it, not, ?, i
Page 33 and 34: When a verb ends in y immediately p
Page 35 and 36: Auxiliaries are verbs which are com
Page 37: 6. He ____ the office every day. (t
Page 40 and 41: ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
Page 42 and 43: a. Verbs ending in a silent eWhen a
Page 44 and 45: When a verb of more than one syllab
Page 46 and 47: not is placed after the subject. Ho
Page 48 and 49: It _____. (to rain)It is raining.1.
Page 50 and 51: They are being cautious, aren't the
Page 54 and 55: stress. In the following examples,
Page 56 and 57: tense is the same for an irregular
Page 58 and 59: The use of the Present Perfect Cont
Page 60 and 61: 2. Rewrite the following sentences,
Page 62 and 63: 1. We _______ lunch. (to eat)2. 1 _
Page 64 and 65: 1. has apologized 2. have stirred 3
Page 66 and 67: was notwere notwasn'tweren'tIn orde
Page 68 and 69: See Exercise 5.In order to change a
Page 70 and 71: Were you not on ti me?Weren't you o
Page 72 and 73: contractions and the forms with con
Page 74 and 75: form, as well as other modal forms.
Page 76 and 77: tag questions are underlined. Contr
Page 78 and 79: In the preceding examples, the verb
Page 80 and 81: Emphatic statements are often used
Page 82 and 83: 2. We ________ money. (to save)3. S
Page 84 and 85: 4. ___ they ______ the letter? (to
Page 86 and 87: 13. You did not ________ my letter.
Page 88 and 89: 8. He was right. 9. She does unders
Page 90 and 91: will notwon'tThe contracted form of
Page 92 and 93: It should also be noted that the Pa
Page 94 and 95: they will have workedSee Exercise 9
Page 96 and 97: Tag questions are formed using the
Page 98 and 99: e.g. We will welcome him when he ar
Page 100 and 101: We will pass the exam.You _____ the
Page 102 and 103:
9. Using either the auxiliary shall
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1. She_______________to help us. (t
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solved 9. shall have received or wi
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Negative Statement:Negative Questio
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They would not have worked.Negative
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The following table summarizes the
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3. I ________ everything carefully.
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7. He ___ not _______ it to your ol
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Would she have been preparing for t
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1. Would he have been listening to
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they werethey wereFor any verb, the
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we had workedthey had workedwe had
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In each of these examples, the use
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See Exercise 6.As well as being exp
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. Forms of the verb used in the sub
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6. The imperative moodThe Imperativ
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Does she wish it would snow?You wil
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___ shenot _____ if she had seen us
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emind)3. ___ I ____ earlier. I woul
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1. would, have begun 2. would, have
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See Exercise 1 .b. Negative stateme
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The most important meaning of can a
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5. ShouldIn British English, the Si
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For the Simple Present and the Simp
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Without Ellipsis: He wrote a letter
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8. We shall visit our friends.9. Sh
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7. Had a flying saucer landed on th
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8. They could help us.9. I won the
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He is not angry, and neither are we
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1. Yes, we do. 2. Yes, they may. 3.
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See Exercise 2.b. To Raise and To R
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She said something to her teacher.T
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Now they _____ the table.Now they a
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Answers to Exercise 1 :1. birds 2.
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they have beenPresent Perfect Conti
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Simple FutureFuture Continuous··F
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Perfect, with would I would have sh
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A similar example is:Active: The po
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or improbable conditions.e.g. I wis
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Was he not being flown to Boston?Pa
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4. It is crucial that we ______ of
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2. Countable nounsCountable nouns a
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c. Plurals of proper nounsProper no
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used for scientific purposes, form
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2. The train has left.3. The bird w
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The reef attracts tourists.The reef
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opened. 7. The newspapers are read
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a long u, since these words are pro
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a. Referring to something mentioned
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I had never visited Seretnay Park b
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A musician must practise a great de
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UseA weakened form of OneNaming a p
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a pair of pliersa pair of scissorsW
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6. Fill in each blank with the or l
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1. Schooners are ships. 2. Mallards
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eferred to have not been mentioned
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This afternoon we baked two cakes.I
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In the first example, the skiing co
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1. __2. __3. __4. __air is made up
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6. You should practise _____ the sp
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that the house belongs to the Smith
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e.g. Our vice· president and treas
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2. the policemen's warning3. the di
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16. Either plates or saucers ___ su
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Third Person he, she, it theyThus,
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In the first example, they stands f
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When a personal pronoun is the subj
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The tree has lost two of its branch
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which agrees with singular antecede
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2. My father told my uncle the stor
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1. She helped us.2. He asked them t
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10. You and I are good friends, ___
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Although they do not know it yet, t
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1. Your 2. Their 3. His 4. My 5. He
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Case Case Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
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4. Interrogative pronounsInterrogat
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When used as adjectives or as inter
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verb or preposition, or modifies th
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You asked which boy did it.She want
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pronoun, which can refer to either
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antecedents. When used as a relativ
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Is this ready?Are these ready?This
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3. is at the door?4. ____ was award
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11. Using the introductory phrase W
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12. The townspeople, ____ pride in
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Please tell me whose house they vis
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most plural eN most trees nearly al
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few plural eN few of the trees a sm
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A sentence which contains the word
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e.g. We each have our own ideas.In
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e.g. I bought no potatoes.We will c
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The only trees were somewhat damage
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described in the main clauseSheThe
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All of the dogs pricked up their ea
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16. Some books are missing.17. I ha
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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EnglandFranceChinaEnglishFrenchChin
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In a somewhat similar way, the dete
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e.g. clear, cold watercold, hard ic
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material is used as a type of defin
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following adjective unpredictable t
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However, when a defining adjective
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adjectives are usually separated fr
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4. Interpolated adjectivesAs well a
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Disconcerted by the news, we headed
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In the first example, will be close
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Answers5. Place the adjectives give
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At one end of the large old rectang
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7. the performers (ready)8. the cli
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Incorrect: Following in his footste
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flower pot 12. a warm, damp white f
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as a predicate adjective, preceded
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e.g. He is as tall as his brother.I
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latelaterWhen an adjective ends in
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KateSteelHeisishasaaabraverstronger
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two consonants (other than y)y prec
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In this example, Alan is being comp
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1. We are as proud as ______. (they
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7. Sara and Barbara (age)8. Sara an
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9. The ______ temperature on record
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Rupert is as able an administrator
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and a few other two· syllableadjec
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For adjectives which form the compa
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with plural countable nouns, and li
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Yesterday he drankThe game requires
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e.g. Her bicycleThe resultHis timet
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example, those is used to replace t
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Answers6. Rewrite each of the follo
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1. Penny and Alex (money)2. Chris a
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2. The taxes in Singapore are lower
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Answers to Exercise 11:1. We had mo
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athersotooveryIn addition, the word
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It should be noted that the adverbs
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Adverb phrases and clauses of manne
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He left his bicycle in the driveway
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word, in clauses indicating the exi
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Scarcely had we left the house, whe
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11. They follow the news. (rarely)1
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11. She went. (by bus, downtown, to
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Tell me where you have been.Where h
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1. He needs no advice. or He does n
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v. Adjectives ending in yWhen the a
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uglyWhen it is desired to use one o
Page 388 and 389:
However, there are several verbs wh
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littlemuchwelllessmorebetterleastmo
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We visited them less and less frequ
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14. She was signaling ______. (fran
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We tasted the soup ______. (suspici
Page 398 and 399:
The more you study, the ___ you wil
Page 400 and 401:
In the first example, the noun corn
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1. Lower than; under: below freezin
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Of1. Location: east of here; the mi
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Underneath1. Below, under: undernea
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y degrees: graduallyperform by ear:
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(opposite of in theory)in print: (o
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on time: at the correct timewalk on
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Againsttake precautions againstForh
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Betweentorn betweenByaccompanied by
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5. Verbs followed by prepositionsTh
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agree withcollaborate withcommunica
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are quite intelligent.11. Since he
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14. Are you aware ___ the risks inv
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to run intoto put offto look up tot
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prey on : hunt and eat; disturbprov
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The following are examples of phras
Page 432 and 433:
The following are examples of trans
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think up: inventtrack down: search
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The following are examples of expre
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followed by a preposition, and a ph
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frown ongrow onhinge onlive onpick
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pass around: distributeshow around:
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a. Expressions in which the verb ha
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2. He usually sleeps after lunch. (
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1. The car slipped off the road . _
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11. The problem urgently requires a
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He neither finished his homework no
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1. later in time: After the train l
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in spite of thisat the time whenin
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accordingly: soalso: in additionbes
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pairs given in brackets. For exampl
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10. Her eyes shone ______ stars. (a
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Answers8. The following sentences a
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Adjectives, comparative form follow
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Apostrophe, use ofappearAppositiona
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consequently, used as connecting ad
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from, used after certain verbsfrom,
Page 474 and 475:
Inverted word order, used with verb
Page 476 and 477:
near and nearlynear, use ofNegative
Page 478 and 479:
Participles, danglingParticiples us
Page 480 and 481:
Pronouns, reflexivePronouns, relati
Page 482 and 483:
Spelling rules for adding ed to for
Page 484 and 485:
thisthosethouthough, used as subord
Page 486 and 487:
we'rewe'vewell, use ofwerewere, use
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