Untitled

More documents

Recommendations

Info

spend spent spentspin span or spun spunspit spit or spat spatsplit split splitspread spread spreadspring sprang sprungstand stood stoodsteal stole stolenstick stuck stucksting stung stungstink stank stunkstride strode strodestrike struck struckstring strung strungstrive strove strivenswear swore swornsweep swept sweptswim swam swumtake took takenteach taught taughttear tore torntell told toldthink thought thoughtthrive throve thriventhrow threw thrownthrust thrust thrusttread trod troddenunderstand understood understoodwake woke wokenwear wore wornweave wove wovenweep wept weptwin won wonwind wound woundwring wrung wrungwrite wrote writtenCHAPTER 1. THE SIMPLE PRESENT OF THE VERB TO BE1. GrammarThe grammar of a language is an analysis of the various functions performed by thewords of the language, as they are used by native speakers and writers.There are many different ways of analyzing a language. In such an analysis, words canbe given various names, depending on the function which they perform . For instance,words which perform the function of naming things are commonly referred to as nouns,and words which perform the function of expressing states or actions are commonlyreferred to as verbs.
It should be kept in mind that many English words can perform more than one function.For instance, in the followi ng sentences, the underlined words can be referred to asnouns because they perform the function of naming things.e.g. I have lost my comb.Water is one of the necessities of life.--However, in the following sentences, the same words can be referred to as verbsbecause they perform the function of expressing actions.e.g. I comb my hair every morning.Do you water your plants once a week?In this book, widely used terms such as noun, verb, pronoun and so on, will be used inorder to explai n the way in which words function in the English language.2. Verb formsEnglish verbs may have different forms, depending on the subject of the verb, anddepending on when the action expressed by the verb takes place.In the following sentences, the subjects of the verbs indicate who or what is performingthe actions expressed by the verbs. The verbs in these examples are underlined.e.g. We live in the city.He lives on Queen Street.These examples illustrate how the form of a verb may vary, depending on the subject ofthe verb. In the first example, the subject is we, and the form of the verb is live. In thesecond example, the subject is he, and the form of the verb is lives.The different verb forms which indicate when the action expressed by a verb takesplace are usually referred to as tenses.e.g. We always walk to work.We walked to work yesterday.In the first sentence, the verb walk is in the Simple Present tense. In the secondsentence, the verb walked is in the Simple Past tense. Present tenses are usually usedto express actions which are taking place in the present; whereas past tenses areusually used to express actions which took place in the past.The infinitive form of a verb can be used without reference to any particular subject orany particular time. In English, the infinitive form of a verb begins with the word to.For instance, to walk is the infinitive of the verb used in the two preceding examples.3. Uses of the simple present tenseThe Simple Present is one of four present tenses in English, and is used in various ways.In the examples given below, the verbs in the Simple Present tense are underlined.
Page 2 and 3: English GrammarENGLISH GRAMMAR: EXP
Page 4 and 5: a. Questionsb. Negative statementsc
Page 6: a. The Simple Present indicativeb.
Page 9 and 10: 5. The use of some and any6. The us
Page 11 and 12: 3. Interrogative adverbsExercisesCH
Page 13 and 14: THE USES AND FORMATION OF THE ENGLI
Page 15 and 16: **** The other modal auxiliaries co
Page 17 and 18: she showit showwe showthey showshe
Page 19 and 20: Past PerfectI had beenyou had beenh
Page 21 and 22: we have been beingthey have been be
Page 23: hit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt
Page 27 and 28: subject you, whether you refers to
Page 29 and 30: They are awake.They are awake, aren
Page 31 and 32: 12. not, you, late13. it, not, ?, i
Page 33 and 34: When a verb ends in y immediately p
Page 35 and 36: Auxiliaries are verbs which are com
Page 37: 6. He ____ the office every day. (t
Page 40 and 41: ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
Page 42 and 43: a. Verbs ending in a silent eWhen a
Page 44 and 45: When a verb of more than one syllab
Page 46 and 47: not is placed after the subject. Ho
Page 48 and 49: It _____. (to rain)It is raining.1.
Page 50 and 51: They are being cautious, aren't the
Page 52 and 53: 2. Formation of the present perfect
Page 54 and 55: stress. In the following examples,
Page 56 and 57: tense is the same for an irregular
Page 58 and 59: The use of the Present Perfect Cont
Page 60 and 61: 2. Rewrite the following sentences,
Page 62 and 63: 1. We _______ lunch. (to eat)2. 1 _
Page 64 and 65: 1. has apologized 2. have stirred 3
Page 66 and 67: was notwere notwasn'tweren'tIn orde
Page 68 and 69: See Exercise 5.In order to change a
Page 70 and 71: Were you not on ti me?Weren't you o
Page 72 and 73: contractions and the forms with con
Page 74 and 75:
form, as well as other modal forms.
Page 76 and 77:
tag questions are underlined. Contr
Page 78 and 79:
In the preceding examples, the verb
Page 80 and 81:
Emphatic statements are often used
Page 82 and 83:
2. We ________ money. (to save)3. S
Page 84 and 85:
4. ___ they ______ the letter? (to
Page 86 and 87:
13. You did not ________ my letter.
Page 88 and 89:
8. He was right. 9. She does unders
Page 90 and 91:
will notwon'tThe contracted form of
Page 92 and 93:
It should also be noted that the Pa
Page 94 and 95:
they will have workedSee Exercise 9
Page 96 and 97:
Tag questions are formed using the
Page 98 and 99:
e.g. We will welcome him when he ar
Page 100 and 101:
We will pass the exam.You _____ the
Page 102 and 103:
9. Using either the auxiliary shall
Page 104 and 105:
1. She_______________to help us. (t
Page 106 and 107:
solved 9. shall have received or wi
Page 108 and 109:
Negative Statement:Negative Questio
Page 110 and 111:
They would not have worked.Negative
Page 112 and 113:
The following table summarizes the
Page 114 and 115:
3. I ________ everything carefully.
Page 116 and 117:
7. He ___ not _______ it to your ol
Page 118 and 119:
Would she have been preparing for t
Page 120 and 121:
1. Would he have been listening to
Page 122 and 123:
they werethey wereFor any verb, the
Page 124 and 125:
we had workedthey had workedwe had
Page 126 and 127:
In each of these examples, the use
Page 128 and 129:
See Exercise 6.As well as being exp
Page 130 and 131:
. Forms of the verb used in the sub
Page 132 and 133:
6. The imperative moodThe Imperativ
Page 134 and 135:
Does she wish it would snow?You wil
Page 136 and 137:
___ shenot _____ if she had seen us
Page 138 and 139:
emind)3. ___ I ____ earlier. I woul
Page 140 and 141:
1. would, have begun 2. would, have
Page 142 and 143:
See Exercise 1 .b. Negative stateme
Page 144 and 145:
The most important meaning of can a
Page 146 and 147:
5. ShouldIn British English, the Si
Page 148 and 149:
For the Simple Present and the Simp
Page 150 and 151:
Without Ellipsis: He wrote a letter
Page 152 and 153:
8. We shall visit our friends.9. Sh
Page 154 and 155:
7. Had a flying saucer landed on th
Page 156 and 157:
8. They could help us.9. I won the
Page 158 and 159:
He is not angry, and neither are we
Page 160 and 161:
1. Yes, we do. 2. Yes, they may. 3.
Page 162 and 163:
See Exercise 2.b. To Raise and To R
Page 164 and 165:
She said something to her teacher.T
Page 166 and 167:
Now they _____ the table.Now they a
Page 168 and 169:
Answers to Exercise 1 :1. birds 2.
Page 170 and 171:
they have beenPresent Perfect Conti
Page 172 and 173:
Simple FutureFuture Continuous··F
Page 174 and 175:
Perfect, with would I would have sh
Page 176 and 177:
A similar example is:Active: The po
Page 178 and 179:
or improbable conditions.e.g. I wis
Page 180 and 181:
Was he not being flown to Boston?Pa
Page 182 and 183:
4. It is crucial that we ______ of
Page 184 and 185:
2. Countable nounsCountable nouns a
Page 186 and 187:
c. Plurals of proper nounsProper no
Page 188 and 189:
used for scientific purposes, form
Page 190 and 191:
2. The train has left.3. The bird w
Page 192 and 193:
The reef attracts tourists.The reef
Page 194 and 195:
opened. 7. The newspapers are read
Page 196 and 197:
a long u, since these words are pro
Page 198 and 199:
a. Referring to something mentioned
Page 200 and 201:
I had never visited Seretnay Park b
Page 202 and 203:
A musician must practise a great de
Page 204 and 205:
UseA weakened form of OneNaming a p
Page 206 and 207:
a pair of pliersa pair of scissorsW
Page 208 and 209:
6. Fill in each blank with the or l
Page 210 and 211:
1. Schooners are ships. 2. Mallards
Page 212 and 213:
eferred to have not been mentioned
Page 214 and 215:
This afternoon we baked two cakes.I
Page 216 and 217:
In the first example, the skiing co
Page 218 and 219:
1. __2. __3. __4. __air is made up
Page 220 and 221:
6. You should practise _____ the sp
Page 222 and 223:
that the house belongs to the Smith
Page 224 and 225:
e.g. Our vice· president and treas
Page 226 and 227:
2. the policemen's warning3. the di
Page 228 and 229:
16. Either plates or saucers ___ su
Page 230 and 231:
Third Person he, she, it theyThus,
Page 232 and 233:
In the first example, they stands f
Page 234 and 235:
When a personal pronoun is the subj
Page 236 and 237:
The tree has lost two of its branch
Page 238 and 239:
which agrees with singular antecede
Page 240 and 241:
2. My father told my uncle the stor
Page 242 and 243:
1. She helped us.2. He asked them t
Page 244 and 245:
10. You and I are good friends, ___
Page 246 and 247:
Although they do not know it yet, t
Page 248 and 249:
1. Your 2. Their 3. His 4. My 5. He
Page 250 and 251:
Case Case Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
Page 252 and 253:
4. Interrogative pronounsInterrogat
Page 254 and 255:
When used as adjectives or as inter
Page 256 and 257:
verb or preposition, or modifies th
Page 258 and 259:
You asked which boy did it.She want
Page 260 and 261:
pronoun, which can refer to either
Page 262 and 263:
antecedents. When used as a relativ
Page 264 and 265:
Is this ready?Are these ready?This
Page 266 and 267:
3. is at the door?4. ____ was award
Page 268 and 269:
11. Using the introductory phrase W
Page 270 and 271:
12. The townspeople, ____ pride in
Page 272 and 273:
Please tell me whose house they vis
Page 274 and 275:
most plural eN most trees nearly al
Page 276 and 277:
few plural eN few of the trees a sm
Page 278 and 279:
A sentence which contains the word
Page 280 and 281:
e.g. We each have our own ideas.In
Page 282 and 283:
e.g. I bought no potatoes.We will c
Page 284 and 285:
The only trees were somewhat damage
Page 286 and 287:
described in the main clauseSheThe
Page 288 and 289:
All of the dogs pricked up their ea
Page 290 and 291:
16. Some books are missing.17. I ha
Page 292 and 293:
ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
Page 294 and 295:
EnglandFranceChinaEnglishFrenchChin
Page 296 and 297:
In a somewhat similar way, the dete
Page 298 and 299:
e.g. clear, cold watercold, hard ic
Page 300 and 301:
material is used as a type of defin
Page 302 and 303:
following adjective unpredictable t
Page 304 and 305:
However, when a defining adjective
Page 306 and 307:
adjectives are usually separated fr
Page 308 and 309:
4. Interpolated adjectivesAs well a
Page 310 and 311:
Disconcerted by the news, we headed
Page 312 and 313:
In the first example, will be close
Page 314 and 315:
Answers5. Place the adjectives give
Page 316 and 317:
At one end of the large old rectang
Page 318 and 319:
7. the performers (ready)8. the cli
Page 320 and 321:
Incorrect: Following in his footste
Page 322 and 323:
flower pot 12. a warm, damp white f
Page 324 and 325:
as a predicate adjective, preceded
Page 326 and 327:
e.g. He is as tall as his brother.I
Page 328 and 329:
latelaterWhen an adjective ends in
Page 330 and 331:
KateSteelHeisishasaaabraverstronger
Page 332 and 333:
two consonants (other than y)y prec
Page 334 and 335:
In this example, Alan is being comp
Page 336 and 337:
1. We are as proud as ______. (they
Page 338 and 339:
7. Sara and Barbara (age)8. Sara an
Page 340 and 341:
9. The ______ temperature on record
Page 342 and 343:
Rupert is as able an administrator
Page 344 and 345:
and a few other two· syllableadjec
Page 346 and 347:
For adjectives which form the compa
Page 348 and 349:
with plural countable nouns, and li
Page 350 and 351:
Yesterday he drankThe game requires
Page 352 and 353:
e.g. Her bicycleThe resultHis timet
Page 354 and 355:
example, those is used to replace t
Page 356 and 357:
Answers6. Rewrite each of the follo
Page 358 and 359:
1. Penny and Alex (money)2. Chris a
Page 360 and 361:
2. The taxes in Singapore are lower
Page 362 and 363:
Answers to Exercise 11:1. We had mo
Page 364 and 365:
athersotooveryIn addition, the word
Page 366 and 367:
It should be noted that the adverbs
Page 368 and 369:
Adverb phrases and clauses of manne
Page 370 and 371:
He left his bicycle in the driveway
Page 372 and 373:
word, in clauses indicating the exi
Page 374 and 375:
Scarcely had we left the house, whe
Page 376 and 377:
11. They follow the news. (rarely)1
Page 378 and 379:
11. She went. (by bus, downtown, to
Page 380 and 381:
Tell me where you have been.Where h
Page 382 and 383:
1. He needs no advice. or He does n
Page 384 and 385:
v. Adjectives ending in yWhen the a
Page 386 and 387:
uglyWhen it is desired to use one o
Page 388 and 389:
However, there are several verbs wh
Page 390 and 391:
littlemuchwelllessmorebetterleastmo
Page 392 and 393:
We visited them less and less frequ
Page 394 and 395:
14. She was signaling ______. (fran
Page 396 and 397:
We tasted the soup ______. (suspici
Page 398 and 399:
The more you study, the ___ you wil
Page 400 and 401:
In the first example, the noun corn
Page 402 and 403:
1. Lower than; under: below freezin
Page 404 and 405:
Of1. Location: east of here; the mi
Page 406 and 407:
Underneath1. Below, under: undernea
Page 408 and 409:
y degrees: graduallyperform by ear:
Page 410 and 411:
(opposite of in theory)in print: (o
Page 412 and 413:
on time: at the correct timewalk on
Page 414 and 415:
Againsttake precautions againstForh
Page 416 and 417:
Betweentorn betweenByaccompanied by
Page 418 and 419:
5. Verbs followed by prepositionsTh
Page 420 and 421:
agree withcollaborate withcommunica
Page 422 and 423:
are quite intelligent.11. Since he
Page 424 and 425:
14. Are you aware ___ the risks inv
Page 426 and 427:
to run intoto put offto look up tot
Page 428 and 429:
prey on : hunt and eat; disturbprov
Page 430 and 431:
The following are examples of phras
Page 432 and 433:
The following are examples of trans
Page 434 and 435:
think up: inventtrack down: search
Page 436 and 437:
The following are examples of expre
Page 438 and 439:
followed by a preposition, and a ph
Page 440 and 441:
frown ongrow onhinge onlive onpick
Page 442 and 443:
pass around: distributeshow around:
Page 444 and 445:
a. Expressions in which the verb ha
Page 446 and 447:
2. He usually sleeps after lunch. (
Page 448 and 449:
1. The car slipped off the road . _
Page 450 and 451:
11. The problem urgently requires a
Page 452 and 453:
He neither finished his homework no
Page 454 and 455:
1. later in time: After the train l
Page 456 and 457:
in spite of thisat the time whenin
Page 458 and 459:
accordingly: soalso: in additionbes
Page 460 and 461:
pairs given in brackets. For exampl
Page 462 and 463:
10. Her eyes shone ______ stars. (a
Page 464 and 465:
Answers8. The following sentences a
Page 466 and 467:
Adjectives, comparative form follow
Page 468 and 469:
Apostrophe, use ofappearAppositiona
Page 470 and 471:
consequently, used as connecting ad
Page 472 and 473:
from, used after certain verbsfrom,
Page 474 and 475:
Inverted word order, used with verb
Page 476 and 477:
near and nearlynear, use ofNegative
Page 478 and 479:
Participles, danglingParticiples us
Page 480 and 481:
Pronouns, reflexivePronouns, relati
Page 482 and 483:
Spelling rules for adding ed to for
Page 484 and 485:
thisthosethouthough, used as subord
Page 486 and 487:
we'rewe'vewell, use ofwerewere, use
show all

Untitled

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?