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latelaterWhen an adjective ends in y preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i before theending er is added. For example:Positive FormdryearlyeasyComparative FormdrierearliereasierWhen an adjective ends in a single consonant other than w, x or y, following a singlestressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled before the ending er is added. Forexample:Positive FormbighotsadComparative FormbiggerhottersadderWhen an adjective ends in w, x or y, following a single stressed vowel, the finalconsonant is not doubled before the ending er is added. For example:Positive FormslowlaxgreyComparative FormslowerlaxergreyerIt should be kept in mind that when an adjective ends in a single consonant followingtwo vowels, the final consonant is not doubled before the ending er is added. Forexample:Positive FormloudneatsoonComparative FormlouderneatersoonerSee Exercise 5.ii. Irregular adjectivesA few of the adjectives which are used with endings have irregular comparative forms.The comparative forms of the irregular English adjectives are as follows.Positive FormbadfargoodlittlemanymuchComparative Formworsefarther or furtherbetterlessmoremore
As shown above, the adjective far has two comparative forms. The distinction issometimes made that farther is used to refer to physical distances, while further isused to refer to figurative distances. For example:The farther side of the river is more picturesque than this side.Nothing could have been further from my mind.It should be noted that the adjectives many and much both have the same comparativeform, more.See Exercise 6.iii. The comparative form followed by ThanWhen used in comparisons, the comparative forms of adjectives are usually followed bythe word than. For instance, the way in which two things differ in some respect can beexpressed by using the comparative form of an adjective as a predicate adjectivefollowed by than.e.g. Paul is wiser than Greg.The tree is taller than the house.The first sentence indicates that Paul possesses greater wisdom than Greg. The secondsentence indicates that the tree possesses greater height than the house.This type of construction is summarized below, followed by examples.noun, pronoun orother expression +representing 1 stthi ng bei ng com paredto beor otherlinkingverbcomparative+ form of + thanadjectivenoun, pronoun or+ other expressionrepresenting 2ndthi ng bei ng com paredJillIceDrivi ng a carisfeelsisshortercoldereasierthanthanthanMaureen.snow.riding a horse.See Exercise 7.iv. The comparative form followed by a noun, followed by ThanThe comparative form of an adjective followed by than can also be combined with anoun.e.g. She is a better cook than her sister.He has wiser ideas than they do.It should be noted that in this type of construction, when a singular countable noun isused after the adjective, the comparative form of the adjective follows the indefinitearticle a or an . This position of a or an is indicated in the summary below.verb +a oran +comparativeform of +adjectivenoun + than
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English GrammarENGLISH GRAMMAR: EXP
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a. Questionsb. Negative statementsc
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a. The Simple Present indicativeb.
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5. The use of some and any6. The us
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3. Interrogative adverbsExercisesCH
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THE USES AND FORMATION OF THE ENGLI
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**** The other modal auxiliaries co
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she showit showwe showthey showshe
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Past PerfectI had beenyou had beenh
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we have been beingthey have been be
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hit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt
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It should be kept in mind that many
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subject you, whether you refers to
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They are awake.They are awake, aren
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12. not, you, late13. it, not, ?, i
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When a verb ends in y immediately p
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Auxiliaries are verbs which are com
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6. He ____ the office every day. (t
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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a. Verbs ending in a silent eWhen a
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When a verb of more than one syllab
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not is placed after the subject. Ho
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It _____. (to rain)It is raining.1.
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They are being cautious, aren't the
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2. Formation of the present perfect
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stress. In the following examples,
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tense is the same for an irregular
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The use of the Present Perfect Cont
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2. Rewrite the following sentences,
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1. We _______ lunch. (to eat)2. 1 _
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1. has apologized 2. have stirred 3
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was notwere notwasn'tweren'tIn orde
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See Exercise 5.In order to change a
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Were you not on ti me?Weren't you o
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contractions and the forms with con
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form, as well as other modal forms.
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tag questions are underlined. Contr
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In the preceding examples, the verb
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Emphatic statements are often used
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2. We ________ money. (to save)3. S
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4. ___ they ______ the letter? (to
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13. You did not ________ my letter.
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8. He was right. 9. She does unders
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will notwon'tThe contracted form of
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It should also be noted that the Pa
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they will have workedSee Exercise 9
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Tag questions are formed using the
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e.g. We will welcome him when he ar
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We will pass the exam.You _____ the
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9. Using either the auxiliary shall
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1. She_______________to help us. (t
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solved 9. shall have received or wi
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Negative Statement:Negative Questio
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They would not have worked.Negative
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The following table summarizes the
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3. I ________ everything carefully.
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7. He ___ not _______ it to your ol
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Would she have been preparing for t
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1. Would he have been listening to
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they werethey wereFor any verb, the
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we had workedthey had workedwe had
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In each of these examples, the use
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See Exercise 6.As well as being exp
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. Forms of the verb used in the sub
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6. The imperative moodThe Imperativ
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Does she wish it would snow?You wil
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___ shenot _____ if she had seen us
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emind)3. ___ I ____ earlier. I woul
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1. would, have begun 2. would, have
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See Exercise 1 .b. Negative stateme
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The most important meaning of can a
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5. ShouldIn British English, the Si
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For the Simple Present and the Simp
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Without Ellipsis: He wrote a letter
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8. We shall visit our friends.9. Sh
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7. Had a flying saucer landed on th
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8. They could help us.9. I won the
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He is not angry, and neither are we
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1. Yes, we do. 2. Yes, they may. 3.
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See Exercise 2.b. To Raise and To R
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She said something to her teacher.T
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Now they _____ the table.Now they a
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Answers to Exercise 1 :1. birds 2.
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they have beenPresent Perfect Conti
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Simple FutureFuture Continuous··F
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Perfect, with would I would have sh
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A similar example is:Active: The po
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or improbable conditions.e.g. I wis
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Was he not being flown to Boston?Pa
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4. It is crucial that we ______ of
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2. Countable nounsCountable nouns a
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c. Plurals of proper nounsProper no
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used for scientific purposes, form
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2. The train has left.3. The bird w
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The reef attracts tourists.The reef
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opened. 7. The newspapers are read
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a long u, since these words are pro
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a. Referring to something mentioned
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I had never visited Seretnay Park b
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A musician must practise a great de
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UseA weakened form of OneNaming a p
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a pair of pliersa pair of scissorsW
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6. Fill in each blank with the or l
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1. Schooners are ships. 2. Mallards
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eferred to have not been mentioned
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This afternoon we baked two cakes.I
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In the first example, the skiing co
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1. __2. __3. __4. __air is made up
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6. You should practise _____ the sp
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that the house belongs to the Smith
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e.g. Our vice· president and treas
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2. the policemen's warning3. the di
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16. Either plates or saucers ___ su
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Third Person he, she, it theyThus,
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In the first example, they stands f
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When a personal pronoun is the subj
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The tree has lost two of its branch
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which agrees with singular antecede
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2. My father told my uncle the stor
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1. She helped us.2. He asked them t
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10. You and I are good friends, ___
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Although they do not know it yet, t
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1. Your 2. Their 3. His 4. My 5. He
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Case Case Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
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4. Interrogative pronounsInterrogat
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When used as adjectives or as inter
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verb or preposition, or modifies th
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You asked which boy did it.She want
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pronoun, which can refer to either
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antecedents. When used as a relativ
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Is this ready?Are these ready?This
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3. is at the door?4. ____ was award
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11. Using the introductory phrase W
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12. The townspeople, ____ pride in
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Please tell me whose house they vis
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most plural eN most trees nearly al
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few plural eN few of the trees a sm
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Page 282 and 283: e.g. I bought no potatoes.We will c
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Page 292 and 293: ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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Page 296 and 297: In a somewhat similar way, the dete
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Page 304 and 305: However, when a defining adjective
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Page 308 and 309: 4. Interpolated adjectivesAs well a
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Page 312 and 313: In the first example, will be close
Page 314 and 315: Answers5. Place the adjectives give
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Page 344 and 345: and a few other two· syllableadjec
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Page 354 and 355: example, those is used to replace t
Page 356 and 357: Answers6. Rewrite each of the follo
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Page 360 and 361: 2. The taxes in Singapore are lower
Page 362 and 363: Answers to Exercise 11:1. We had mo
Page 364 and 365: athersotooveryIn addition, the word
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Page 368 and 369: Adverb phrases and clauses of manne
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11. She went. (by bus, downtown, to
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Tell me where you have been.Where h
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1. He needs no advice. or He does n
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v. Adjectives ending in yWhen the a
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uglyWhen it is desired to use one o
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However, there are several verbs wh
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littlemuchwelllessmorebetterleastmo
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We visited them less and less frequ
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14. She was signaling ______. (fran
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We tasted the soup ______. (suspici
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The more you study, the ___ you wil
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In the first example, the noun corn
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1. Lower than; under: below freezin
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Of1. Location: east of here; the mi
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Underneath1. Below, under: undernea
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y degrees: graduallyperform by ear:
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(opposite of in theory)in print: (o
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on time: at the correct timewalk on
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Againsttake precautions againstForh
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Betweentorn betweenByaccompanied by
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5. Verbs followed by prepositionsTh
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agree withcollaborate withcommunica
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are quite intelligent.11. Since he
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14. Are you aware ___ the risks inv
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to run intoto put offto look up tot
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prey on : hunt and eat; disturbprov
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The following are examples of phras
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The following are examples of trans
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think up: inventtrack down: search
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The following are examples of expre
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followed by a preposition, and a ph
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frown ongrow onhinge onlive onpick
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pass around: distributeshow around:
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a. Expressions in which the verb ha
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2. He usually sleeps after lunch. (
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1. The car slipped off the road . _
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11. The problem urgently requires a
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He neither finished his homework no
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1. later in time: After the train l
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in spite of thisat the time whenin
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accordingly: soalso: in additionbes
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pairs given in brackets. For exampl
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10. Her eyes shone ______ stars. (a
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Answers8. The following sentences a
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Adjectives, comparative form follow
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Apostrophe, use ofappearAppositiona
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consequently, used as connecting ad
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from, used after certain verbsfrom,
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Inverted word order, used with verb
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near and nearlynear, use ofNegative
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Participles, danglingParticiples us
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Pronouns, reflexivePronouns, relati
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Spelling rules for adding ed to for
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thisthosethouthough, used as subord
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we'rewe'vewell, use ofwerewere, use
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