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prey on : hunt and eat; disturbprovide for: prepare forreason with: try to persuadereckon on: calculate onrise above: be superior torun across: find accidentallyrun into: meet accidentallyrun over: injured by a vehiclesee through: not be deceivedbysend for: ask to be sentsettle for: reluctantly acceptside with: support in adisputesit through: sit and endurestand by: supportstand for: representstick to: adhere tostumble across: findaccidentallysurvive on: survive usingtake after: resemble anancestortamper with: interfere withtouch on : mentionverge on : approachwade through: slowly perusewatch over: guardOspreys prey on fish; the idea preys on my mind.We have provided for any emergency.It is hard to reason with an angry person.I hadn"t reckoned on being the center of attention.He rose above his circumstances and managed tosucceed.They ran across some interesting information.I ran into my cousin downtown.Children must be careful not to be run over by cars.I instantly saw through the disguise.You will have to send for your transcripts.Since there was no kale, we had to settle for cabbage.Why did you side with him?It was all I could do to sit through the lecture withoutfalling asleep.I hope you will stand by me.What does the abbreviation etc. stand for?We shall stick to the original plan.He stumbled across an interesti ng fossil.During the winter, we had to survive on turnips andparsnips.He takes after his grandfather.Someone has tampered with the lock.She touched on many important subjects.His behavior verges on rudeness.We had to wade through a pile of documents.The shepherd watched over the sheep.See Exercise 1 .a. The position of the object of the prepositionThe object of a preposition usually follows the preposition, whether the object is anoun or a pronoun. In the followi ng examples, the objects are underlined.e.g. We have launched into a new project.We have launched into it.In these examples, the noun project and the pronoun it are the objects of thepreposition into of the phrasal verb to launch into. Both the noun object and thepronoun object follow the preposition.See Exercise 2.b. The position of an adverb of manner modifying the verbIf a verb is followed by a preposition, an adverb of manner may be placed between theverb and the preposition. In the following examples, the adverbs of manner are
underlined.e.g. We reasoned patiently with the little gi rl.I leafed quickly through the book.In the first example, the adverb of manner patiently is placed between the verbreasoned and the preposition with of the phrasal verb to reason with. In the secondexample, the adverb of manner quickly is placed between the verb leafed and thepreposition through of the phrasal verb to leaf through.See Exercise 3.c. Stress in spoken EnglishWhen a verb followed by a preposition occurs at the end of a clause, it is usually theverb which is stressed in spoken English. In the following examples, the words which arestressed are printed in bold type.e.g. No one likes to be laughed at.I need someone to confide in.In the first example, the verb laughed followed by the preposition at occurs at the endof a clause, and the verb laughed is stressed. In the second example, the verb confidefollowed by the preposition in occurs at the end of a clause, and the verb confide isstressed.It should be noted that, when used in a phrasal verb at the end of a clause, theprepositions after, into and over are often pronounced with somewhat greateremphasis than the verb. In this case, both the verb and the preposition are stressed.For example:The twins are easy to look after.The building would be difficult to break into.You·ll never guess whom I ran into.I heard that someone was run over.The prepositions above, across and through are also occasionally emphasized in thisway. For example:The research papers were difficult to wade through.d. Expressions in which the verb has an objectIn the case of some phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a preposition, theverb and the preposition may each have an object. In the following examples, theobjects are underlined.e.g. I can make nothing of the situation.We talked my sister into agreeing.In the first example, the verb make of the phrasal verb to make of has the objectnothing, and the preposition of has the object situation. In the second example, theverb talked of the phrasal verb to talk into has the object sister, and the prepositioninto has the object agreeing.
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English GrammarENGLISH GRAMMAR: EXP
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a. Questionsb. Negative statementsc
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a. The Simple Present indicativeb.
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5. The use of some and any6. The us
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3. Interrogative adverbsExercisesCH
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THE USES AND FORMATION OF THE ENGLI
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**** The other modal auxiliaries co
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she showit showwe showthey showshe
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Past PerfectI had beenyou had beenh
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we have been beingthey have been be
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hit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt
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It should be kept in mind that many
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subject you, whether you refers to
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They are awake.They are awake, aren
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12. not, you, late13. it, not, ?, i
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When a verb ends in y immediately p
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Auxiliaries are verbs which are com
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6. He ____ the office every day. (t
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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a. Verbs ending in a silent eWhen a
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When a verb of more than one syllab
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not is placed after the subject. Ho
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It _____. (to rain)It is raining.1.
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They are being cautious, aren't the
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2. Formation of the present perfect
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stress. In the following examples,
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tense is the same for an irregular
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The use of the Present Perfect Cont
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2. Rewrite the following sentences,
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1. We _______ lunch. (to eat)2. 1 _
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1. has apologized 2. have stirred 3
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was notwere notwasn'tweren'tIn orde
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See Exercise 5.In order to change a
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Were you not on ti me?Weren't you o
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contractions and the forms with con
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form, as well as other modal forms.
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tag questions are underlined. Contr
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In the preceding examples, the verb
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Emphatic statements are often used
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2. We ________ money. (to save)3. S
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4. ___ they ______ the letter? (to
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13. You did not ________ my letter.
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8. He was right. 9. She does unders
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will notwon'tThe contracted form of
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It should also be noted that the Pa
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they will have workedSee Exercise 9
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Tag questions are formed using the
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e.g. We will welcome him when he ar
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We will pass the exam.You _____ the
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9. Using either the auxiliary shall
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1. She_______________to help us. (t
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solved 9. shall have received or wi
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Negative Statement:Negative Questio
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They would not have worked.Negative
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The following table summarizes the
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3. I ________ everything carefully.
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7. He ___ not _______ it to your ol
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Would she have been preparing for t
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1. Would he have been listening to
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they werethey wereFor any verb, the
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we had workedthey had workedwe had
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In each of these examples, the use
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See Exercise 6.As well as being exp
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. Forms of the verb used in the sub
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6. The imperative moodThe Imperativ
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Does she wish it would snow?You wil
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___ shenot _____ if she had seen us
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emind)3. ___ I ____ earlier. I woul
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1. would, have begun 2. would, have
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See Exercise 1 .b. Negative stateme
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The most important meaning of can a
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5. ShouldIn British English, the Si
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For the Simple Present and the Simp
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Without Ellipsis: He wrote a letter
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8. We shall visit our friends.9. Sh
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7. Had a flying saucer landed on th
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8. They could help us.9. I won the
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He is not angry, and neither are we
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1. Yes, we do. 2. Yes, they may. 3.
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See Exercise 2.b. To Raise and To R
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She said something to her teacher.T
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Now they _____ the table.Now they a
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Answers to Exercise 1 :1. birds 2.
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they have beenPresent Perfect Conti
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Simple FutureFuture Continuous··F
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Perfect, with would I would have sh
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A similar example is:Active: The po
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or improbable conditions.e.g. I wis
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Was he not being flown to Boston?Pa
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4. It is crucial that we ______ of
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2. Countable nounsCountable nouns a
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c. Plurals of proper nounsProper no
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used for scientific purposes, form
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2. The train has left.3. The bird w
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The reef attracts tourists.The reef
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opened. 7. The newspapers are read
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a long u, since these words are pro
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a. Referring to something mentioned
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I had never visited Seretnay Park b
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A musician must practise a great de
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UseA weakened form of OneNaming a p
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a pair of pliersa pair of scissorsW
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6. Fill in each blank with the or l
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1. Schooners are ships. 2. Mallards
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eferred to have not been mentioned
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This afternoon we baked two cakes.I
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In the first example, the skiing co
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1. __2. __3. __4. __air is made up
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6. You should practise _____ the sp
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that the house belongs to the Smith
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e.g. Our vice· president and treas
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2. the policemen's warning3. the di
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16. Either plates or saucers ___ su
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Third Person he, she, it theyThus,
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In the first example, they stands f
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When a personal pronoun is the subj
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The tree has lost two of its branch
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which agrees with singular antecede
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2. My father told my uncle the stor
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1. She helped us.2. He asked them t
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10. You and I are good friends, ___
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Although they do not know it yet, t
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1. Your 2. Their 3. His 4. My 5. He
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Case Case Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
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4. Interrogative pronounsInterrogat
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When used as adjectives or as inter
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verb or preposition, or modifies th
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You asked which boy did it.She want
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pronoun, which can refer to either
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antecedents. When used as a relativ
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Is this ready?Are these ready?This
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3. is at the door?4. ____ was award
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11. Using the introductory phrase W
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12. The townspeople, ____ pride in
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Please tell me whose house they vis
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most plural eN most trees nearly al
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few plural eN few of the trees a sm
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A sentence which contains the word
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e.g. We each have our own ideas.In
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e.g. I bought no potatoes.We will c
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The only trees were somewhat damage
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described in the main clauseSheThe
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All of the dogs pricked up their ea
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16. Some books are missing.17. I ha
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES for Chapte
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EnglandFranceChinaEnglishFrenchChin
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In a somewhat similar way, the dete
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e.g. clear, cold watercold, hard ic
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material is used as a type of defin
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following adjective unpredictable t
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However, when a defining adjective
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adjectives are usually separated fr
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4. Interpolated adjectivesAs well a
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Disconcerted by the news, we headed
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In the first example, will be close
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Answers5. Place the adjectives give
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At one end of the large old rectang
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7. the performers (ready)8. the cli
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Incorrect: Following in his footste
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flower pot 12. a warm, damp white f
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as a predicate adjective, preceded
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e.g. He is as tall as his brother.I
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latelaterWhen an adjective ends in
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KateSteelHeisishasaaabraverstronger
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two consonants (other than y)y prec
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In this example, Alan is being comp
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1. We are as proud as ______. (they
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7. Sara and Barbara (age)8. Sara an
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9. The ______ temperature on record
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Rupert is as able an administrator
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and a few other two· syllableadjec
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For adjectives which form the compa
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with plural countable nouns, and li
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Yesterday he drankThe game requires
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e.g. Her bicycleThe resultHis timet
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example, those is used to replace t
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Answers6. Rewrite each of the follo
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1. Penny and Alex (money)2. Chris a
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2. The taxes in Singapore are lower
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Answers to Exercise 11:1. We had mo
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athersotooveryIn addition, the word
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It should be noted that the adverbs
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Adverb phrases and clauses of manne
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He left his bicycle in the driveway
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word, in clauses indicating the exi
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Scarcely had we left the house, whe
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11. They follow the news. (rarely)1
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Page 380 and 381: Tell me where you have been.Where h
Page 382 and 383: 1. He needs no advice. or He does n
Page 384 and 385: v. Adjectives ending in yWhen the a
Page 386 and 387: uglyWhen it is desired to use one o
Page 388 and 389: However, there are several verbs wh
Page 390 and 391: littlemuchwelllessmorebetterleastmo
Page 392 and 393: We visited them less and less frequ
Page 394 and 395: 14. She was signaling ______. (fran
Page 396 and 397: We tasted the soup ______. (suspici
Page 398 and 399: The more you study, the ___ you wil
Page 400 and 401: In the first example, the noun corn
Page 402 and 403: 1. Lower than; under: below freezin
Page 404 and 405: Of1. Location: east of here; the mi
Page 406 and 407: Underneath1. Below, under: undernea
Page 408 and 409: y degrees: graduallyperform by ear:
Page 410 and 411: (opposite of in theory)in print: (o
Page 412 and 413: on time: at the correct timewalk on
Page 414 and 415: Againsttake precautions againstForh
Page 416 and 417: Betweentorn betweenByaccompanied by
Page 418 and 419: 5. Verbs followed by prepositionsTh
Page 420 and 421: agree withcollaborate withcommunica
Page 422 and 423: are quite intelligent.11. Since he
Page 424 and 425: 14. Are you aware ___ the risks inv
Page 426 and 427: to run intoto put offto look up tot
Page 430 and 431: The following are examples of phras
Page 432 and 433: The following are examples of trans
Page 434 and 435: think up: inventtrack down: search
Page 436 and 437: The following are examples of expre
Page 438 and 439: followed by a preposition, and a ph
Page 440 and 441: frown ongrow onhinge onlive onpick
Page 442 and 443: pass around: distributeshow around:
Page 444 and 445: a. Expressions in which the verb ha
Page 446 and 447: 2. He usually sleeps after lunch. (
Page 448 and 449: 1. The car slipped off the road . _
Page 450 and 451: 11. The problem urgently requires a
Page 452 and 453: He neither finished his homework no
Page 454 and 455: 1. later in time: After the train l
Page 456 and 457: in spite of thisat the time whenin
Page 458 and 459: accordingly: soalso: in additionbes
Page 460 and 461: pairs given in brackets. For exampl
Page 462 and 463: 10. Her eyes shone ______ stars. (a
Page 464 and 465: Answers8. The following sentences a
Page 466 and 467: Adjectives, comparative form follow
Page 468 and 469: Apostrophe, use ofappearAppositiona
Page 470 and 471: consequently, used as connecting ad
Page 472 and 473: from, used after certain verbsfrom,
Page 474 and 475: Inverted word order, used with verb
Page 476 and 477: near and nearlynear, use ofNegative
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Participles, danglingParticiples us
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Pronouns, reflexivePronouns, relati
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Spelling rules for adding ed to for
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thisthosethouthough, used as subord
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we'rewe'vewell, use ofwerewere, use
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